Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций. Отсутствует
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Название: Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

Автор: Отсутствует

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Жанр: Медицина

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isbn: 978-5-699-20181-5

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СКАЧАТЬ end of the embryonic period in the primary ossification centers, which are located in the shaft, or diaphysis, of the long bones. At the epiphyses, or bone extremities, ossification begins shortly after birth.

      The cartilage that remains between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of a long bone is known as the epiphysial plate. It is the site of growth of long bones until they attain their final size and the epiphysial plate disappears.

      Vertebral column.

      During the fourth week, sclerotome cells migrate medially to surround the spinal cord and notochord. After proliferation of the caudal portion of the sclerotomes, the vertebrae are formed, each consisting of the caudal part of one sclerotome and cephalic part of the next.

      While the notochord persists in the areas of the vertebral bod ies, it degenerates between them, forming the nucleus pulposus. The latter, together with surrounding circular fibers of the annulus fibrosis, forms the intervertebral disc.

      New words

      skeletal – скелетный

      mesoderm – мезодерма

      neural – нервный

      crest – гребень

      cartilage – хрящ

      fibroblasts – фибробласты

      chondroblasts – хондробласты

      osteoblasts – остеобласты

      paraxial – параксиальный

      which – который

      may – мочь, может

      flat – плоский

      bone – кость

      to provide – снабжать

      protection – защита

      long – длинный

      Запомните следующее застывшее словосочетание.

      In front

      Запомните следующие конструкции, требующие неопределенного артикля.

      I have a…

      Не has a…

      I see a…

      I am a…

      He is a.

      She is a.

      This is a.

      That is a.

      It is a…

      There is a.

      Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

      1. We have… big dog… dog is very clever.

      2. My friend has… very good computer.

      3. This… boy is big. He is… student.

      4. There is… very big piano in. hall.

      5. This is. tree and that is not… tree. It's. bush.

      6. I am… boy. I am… pupil. I learn at… school.

      7. My sister is at… work. She is… secretary. She works at… large office.

      8. This is… very difficult question. I don't know. answer to it.

      9. Do you see… little girl with… big ball in her… hands? She is… pupil of our… school.

      10. There was… beautiful flower in this… vase yesterday. Where is … flower now?

      Answer the questions.

      1. Where the components of the skeletal system are derived from?

      2. What do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

      3. What produces connective tissue, cartilage, and bone tissue?

      4. What does the splanch nic mesoderm give rise?

      5. What does the integument consist of?

      6. What is the skeletal system developed from?

      7. How many portions is neurocranium divided into?

      8. What does the membranous neurocranium consist of?

      9. Where does viscerocranium arise primarily?

      10. During what week do sclerotome cells migrate?

      Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

      Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

      Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):

      1) a) bone; b) pen; c) skeletal;

      2) a) strong; b)weak; c) powerful;

      3) a) water; b)rain; c)steam;

      4) a) wind; b) storm; c) easy;

      5) a) hot; b)sun; c) winter.

      ЛЕКЦИЯ № 8. Muskular system

      Skeletal (voluntary) system.

      The dermomyotome further differentiates into the myotome and the dermatome.

      Cells of the myotome migrate ventrally to surround the intraembry-onic coelom and the somatic mesoderm of the ventrolateral body wall. These myoblasts elongate, become spindle-shaped, and fuse to form multinucleated muscle fibers.

      Myofibrils appear in the cytoplasm, and, by the third month, cross-striations appear. Individual muscle fibers increase in diameter as myofibrils multiply and become arranged in groups surrounded by mesenchyme.

      Individual muscles form, as well as tendons that connect muscle to bone.

      Trunk musculature: By the end of the fifth week, body-wall musculature divides into a dorsal epimere, supplied by the dorsal primary ramus of the spinal nerve, and a ventral hypomere, supplied by the ventral primary ramus.

      Epimere muscles form the extensor muscles of the vertebral column, and hypomere muscles give rise to lateral and ven tral flexor musculature.

      The СКАЧАТЬ