THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA. India

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СКАЧАТЬ State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

      48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry

      The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.

      48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life

      The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.

      49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance

      It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.

      50. Separation of judiciary from executive

      The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

      51. Promotion of international peace and security

      The State shall endeavour to—

      (a) promote international peace and security;

      (b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;

      (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another; and

      (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

      PART IV A

      FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

      51A. Fundamental duties

      It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—

      (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;

      (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;

      (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

      (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

      (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

      (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

      (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;

      (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

      (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

      (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;

      (k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

      PART V

      THE UNION

      Chapter I. — The Executive

      The President and Vice-President

      52. The President of India

      There shall be a President of India.

      53. Executive power of the Union

      (1) The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.

      (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the supreme command of the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the President and the exercise thereof shall be regulated by law.

      (3) Nothing in this article shall—

      (a) be deemed to transfer to the President any functions conferred by any existing law on the Government of any State or other authority; or

      (b) prevent Parliament from conferring by law functions on authorities other than the President.

      54. Election of President

      The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of—

      (a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and

      (b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Explanation. — In this article and in article 55, "State" includes the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union territory of ^[4]Pondicherry.

      55. Manner of election of President

      (1) As far as practicable, there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States at the election of the President.

      (2) For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States inter se as well as parity between the States as a whole and the Union, the number of votes which each elected member of Parliament and of the Legislative Assembly of each State is entitled to cast at such election shall be determined in the following manner —

      (a) every elected member of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of the State by the total number of the elected members of the Assembly;

      (b) if, after taking the said multiples of one thousand, the remainder is not less than five hundred, then the vote of each member referred to in sub-clause (a) shall be further increased by one;

      (c) each elected member of either House of Parliament shall have such number of votes as may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States under sub-clauses (a) and (b) by the total number of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament, fractions exceeding one-half being counted as one and other fractions being disregarded.

      (3) СКАЧАТЬ