Основы реферирования и аннотирования научной английской литературы. Часть 1. Коллектив авторов

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      • the learning process and training principles;

      • the code of ethics and conduct for sports coaches;

      • the sports coach's legal responsibilities;

      • how to apply an athlete centred approach to your coaching;

      • prepare training programs to meet the needs of each athlete;

      • Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD);

      • capabilities of growing children;

      • the rules for your sport/event;

      • how to assess your coaching performance;

      • how to communicate effectively with your athletes;

      • advise athletes on issues of safety applicable to their sport/event;

      • the causes and symptoms of over-training;

      • how to reduce the risk of injury to your athletes;

      • assist athletes to develop new skills;

      • the biomechanical principles that underpin efficient action;

      • use evaluation tests to monitor training progress and predict performance;

      • advise athletes on their nutritional needs;

      • advise athletes on legal supplements;

      • how to develop the athlete's energy systems;

      • how to develop the components of fitness as appropriate for your athlete and event;

      • advise athletes on relaxation, visualisation and mental imagery skills;

      • advise athletes how to prepare for competition;

      • evaluate an athlete's competition performance;

      • evaluate athlete/training and athlete/coach performance;

      • provide clear and effective instructions, explanations and demonstrations;

      • conduct effective observation and analysis;

      • provide clear and effective feedback;

      • use effective questioning to determine what an athlete knows or can do, their understanding and to develop their self awareness.

      Sport Drinks. By Joseph Conrad.

      Sport drinks are electrolyte replacement beverages popular among athletes to replace water lost during exercise. It is important to drink plenty of fluids during strenuous exercise, especially during hot weather, because the body requires water for efficient cooling and for efficient operation of the kidneys in moving wastes from the blood. Glucose sodium sport drinks provide extra sugar and sodium, which also promote rapid fluid uptake by the small intestine. Some beverages contain glucose polymers (maltodextrins), small fragment of scratch. Glucose polymer beverages may be more effective than glucose drinks in replacing carbohydrates and in increasing blood sugar during endurance events (more than two hours in duration).

      They do not slow the passage of liquid through the stomach as a high-glucose concentration does. Simple carbohydrates seem to provide their greatest benefit when exercise exceeds 60 minutes. A potential benefit of consuming glucose replacements during exercise is that fluid intake may increase if the taste is more appealing than plain water. The carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink should be mixed so that the carbohydrate concentration is less than 10 percent to minimize retention by the stomach. On the other hand, the carbohydrate concentration should be at least 6 percent to improve endurance. When fluid loss is reduced by a cold environment such as in cross-country skiing, fluids with a carbohydrate concentration greater than 10 percent are appropriate. Sport drinks often contain more sugar and salt than are needed for optimal absorption of fluids, and they often contain less potassium than a glass of orange juice. Plain water, which is both easily absorbed and palatable, effectively replaces water lost with strenuous exercise. In general, there does not seem to be any need to replace electrolytes lost through sweating by consuming expensive beverages. Sport drinks appear likely to improve performance only in endurance exercise or day-long events. Diluted fruit juices are usually adequate electrolyte replacements. Fruit juices should be diluted at least twofold from standard preparations to prevent delayed gastric emptying. Electrolytes and carbohydrates are readily replenished by eating a banana, fruit, or crackers with water. Many commercial soft drinks contain caffeine, which acts as a diuretic. Therefore, athletes are advised to limit their intake of such beverages.

      Early history of the sport. By Thomas Pynchon.

      The history of sport probably extends as far back as the existence of people as purposive sportive and active beings. Sport has been a useful way for people to increase their mastery of nature and the environment. The history of sport can teach us a great deal about social changes and about the nature of sport itself. Sport seems to involve basic human skills being developed and exercised for their own sake, in parallel with being exercised for their usefulness. It also shows how society has changed its beliefs and therefore there are changes in the rules. Of course, as we go further back in history the dwindling evidence makes the theories of the origins and purposes of sport difficult to support. Nonetheless, its importance in human history is undeniable.

      Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old include hurling in Ireland, harpastum (similar to rugby) in Rome, cuju (similar to association football) in China, and polo in Persia. The Mesoamerican ballgame originated over three thousand years ago.

      There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BC. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including wrestling, weightlifting, long jump, swimming, rowing, shooting, fishing and athletics, as well as various kinds of ball games, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh. Among other sports that originated in Persia are polo and jousting.

      Sports in the Middle Ages. By Christopher Marlowe.

      The sports of medieval times were less well-organized. Fairs and seasonal festivals were occasions for men to lift stones or sacks of grain and for women to run smock races (for a smock, not in one). The favourite sport of the peasantry was folk football, a wild sort of noholds-barred unbounded game that pitted married men against bachelors or one village against another. The violence of the game, which survived in Britain and in France until the late 19th century, was such that Renaissance humanists, such as Sir Thomas Elyot, condemned it as more likely to maim than to benefit the participants.

      The nascent bourgeoisie of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance amused itself with archery matches, some of which were arranged months in advance and staged with considerable fanfare. When town met town in a challenge of skill, the companies of crossbowmen and longbowmen marched behind the symbols of St. George, St. Sebastian, and other patrons of the sport. It was not unusual for contests in running, jumping, cudgeling, and wrestling to be offered for the lower classes who attended the match as spectators. Grand feasts were part of the program, and drunkenness commonly added to the revelry. In Germanic areas, a Pritschenkoenig was supposed to simultaneously keep order and entertain the crowd with clever verses.

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