English Original Reader for Technical Students. Power transformers: short-circuit testing, monitoring systems (Smart Grid). Александр Юрьевич Хренников
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c) and d) Figure 2. Oscillograms of short-circuit current (Figure 2a), voltage (Figure 2b), estimated the average curve of inductance for 10 periods (Figure 2c), the calculated curve instantaneous inductance (Figure 2d) in the second short-circuit shot of 167 MVA/ 500/220 kV autotransformer.
1.5. Smart Grid Monitoring System for Short-Circuit Testing
Smart Grid Monitoring System for control of parameters of the transformer when tested for withstands to short-circuit currents, part of the quick-working protection, is discussed in [by 1–3].
Figure 3. Smart Grid Monitoring System for control of transformer parameters during short-circuit testing, which is a part of the quick-working protection. 1-power supply (network), 2-safety high-voltage circuit breaker, 3-test transformer, 4-synchronous short-circuiter, 5–7-capacitive voltage dividers, 8–9, the control block, 9 – voltage transformer, 10–12-current-measurement shunts, 14–22-the functional blocks of the inductance average value’s calculation of the deviation from the original value, 23-testing transformer in the secondary winding short-circuit mode.
Control of the average value of inductance Laverage for the period during the test allows fixing moment of the beginning of the emergency regime and reducing the scale of the accident if the tested transformer is timely disconnected. The Monitoring System provides a more accurate measurement of inductance and increases the reliability of the power transformer in case of dangerous deformations.
Quick-working protection prevents accidental destruction of the test object and increases the crash safety of the test (Figure 3) [by 1–5].
In Figure 3 the following details of the equipment are shown: 1-power supply (network), 2-safety high-voltage circuit breaker, 3-test transformer, 4-synchronous short-circuiter, 5–7-capacitive voltage dividers, 8–9, the control block, 9 – voltage transformer, 10–12-current-measurement shunts, 14–22-the functional blocks of the inductance average value’s calculation of the deviation from the original value, 23-testing transformer in the secondary winding short-circuit mode [1–5].
Consider the work of the monitoring system in Figure 3 with an example of the 400 MVA/220 kV transformer testing. Current and voltage oscillograms at the second short-circuit shot on the phase «C» of the 400 MVA/220 kV transformer are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Current oscillogram (1) and voltage oscillogram (2) in the second short-circuit shot on the phase «C» of the 400 MVA/220 kV transformer.
Current oscillogram analysis shows that the value of aperiodical (shock) component of short-circuit current at the beginning of the short-circuit shot amounted to 12.8 kA, and through 10 periods after attenuation of aperiodical (shock) component at the end of the shot, then periodic component is only 10.2 kA.
The calculated curve derivative from current and calculated inductance Ls-c curve of 400 MVA/220 kV transformer in the short-circuit shot on the phase «C» with 100 % of the value of the aperiodical (shock) short-circuit current are shown in Figure 5. Deviation of Ls-c amounted to +1.3 % in the short-circuit shot.
Figure 5. The calculated curve in the short-circuit shot on the phase «C» with 100 % of the value of the aperiodical (shock) short-circuit current of 400 MVA/220 kV transformer: a) derivative from current; b) calculated inductance Ls-c curve.
During the tests for withstands to short-circuit currents of 400 MVA/220 kV transformer, the following data were obtained:
values of voltage and current in short circuit shots,
the short-circuit inductance measurement results,
level of vibration in the short circuit shot,
LVI-testing data,
the results of chromatographic analysis of transformer oil dissolved gas (DGA).
Diagnostic data parameters allowed to complete the objective picture of the condition stste of 400 MVA/220 kV transformer during the tests for withstands to short-circuit currents [by 1–4].
1.6. An Accuracy of Diagnostic Parameter of Smart Grid Monitoring System
When Smart Grid Monitoring System is working, an important issue is the accuracy of main diagnostic parameter which characterizing the normal operation of power transformer – the short-circuit inductance of the windings. Large error during the measurement of this parameter can lead to malfunctions of the device: false outages or, on the contrary, the protection isn’t working when the inductance changed after the transformer or the reactor had been damaged. Therefore, it is proposed to introduce to the scheme of this device the block of the mathematical treatment of ΔL measurement.
The confidence interval of a random measurement error of transformer inductance was determined in the block of mathematical treatment of
Measured parameters I, U, P, F from the measured voltage transformers, capacitive voltage dividers, current-measurement shunts and frequency counter are input to the entrance of mathematical treatment block of measurement results, where at the entrance there are analog-to-digital converters (ADC), within which the following operations are performed by a special algorithm:
1) The value of short-circuit transformer inductance which is converted to a frequency 50 Hz, is calculated
Where Ii, Ui, Pi, Fi are the values of current, voltage, power and frequency which are measured by ADC during i- count.
2) The average value of short-circuit transformer inductance at the 50 Hertz frequency is calculated
together with the total average value, including the parameters of the I, U, P, F:
where: Xi – values of the I, U, P, F, measured by ADC during i-counting,
n is the number of measurements.
3) The deviation of short-circuit inductance is calculated
where:X0 – base value of short-circuit transformer inductance, determined by calculations according to the results of preliminary tests.
4) The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of the measurement results for each of the primary parameters of I, U, P, F is calculated;
5) The RMSD for the resultant of short-circuit inductance is calculated:
where:
