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СКАЧАТЬ models are important, graphical rendering and inspection are essential; if uniform, aesthetic, and heuristic design are the guides behind modeling, rather than engineering laws.

      When it comes to design purposes, vocabulary is required instead of design results. The programming method of KBE systems offers the best solution in this case. Although CAD systems are committed to better documenting the results of the human design phase, KBE systems are designed to report the design procedure (i.e., the purpose of the design) and not just the results.

       • A language is needed to promote automation while preserving continuity. Whenever the generative model is “played.” The same protocol (i.e., the same rules and logic processes are applied) is constantly repeated with different appropriate inputs regardless of which operator and of how many replays. In some engineering design cases, one of which is the optimization of design, an obstacle to automation is placed in the loop (except process supervision).

       • A vocabulary offers a competitive advantage when it comes to the ease of interaction with external modeling and simulation applications. Usually, both CAD and KBE systems link (to each other and) through standard data interchange formats including IGES and Move. In times of ad hoc interchange files that are dependent on ASCIIs, the most useful approach to dedicated writers and parser production is full-function language programming. Also, the KBE system can detect and largely simplify these processes where the tool to be connected is required by complicated and knowledge-intensive pre-processing operations to schedule the input.

       • Where there is an aesthetic facet of the architecture and details are produced, but at the same time an multidisciplinary research (MDA) and an optimization approach are used in the design and size of a given product, the best possible solution is provided by combined applications of CAD and KBE. In this case, the CAD process geometry would become the KBE application’s feedback. This implementation will support the complex MDA structure and return the material (partially or fully) to the CAD system, where comprehensive work can take place more immersive.

      At the end of the day, the heuristic and non-respecting, geometric or non-repeatable, one-off, and repetitive aspects of the design phase coexist and are interlinked: Both CAD and KBE can contribute to this step, which must be the focus of both the creators of CADs and KBE’s smooth integration.

1.6 Guided Random Search and Network Techniques

      There are some methods designed to find suitable designs using techniques that avoid the use of the pursuit of gradients or almost gradients. A system that either uses random variations in design variables or avoids direct variations in design variables by the use of learning networks supplements the use of directional searches. We have selected the genetic algorithm (GA) as a representative in the first category, RAT (GRS), and we have selected the Artificial NERN (ANN) as a regular illustration in the second category, network-based learning methods.

      1.6.1 Guide Random Search Techniques

Without stringent enumeration, guide random search technique (GRST) methods are attempting to seek a whole feasible design field and, in principle, have a global optimum. If this optimum is not suitable internationally, then traditional exploration procedures provide no underlying means to move away from the optimal local field to continue the search for the optimum global setting. However, it should be borne in mind that there can be no confidence that a GRST algorithm can solve a complex design problem globally and, as mentioned elsewhere in the book, no answer can be challenged to ensure that a global solution has been discovered. The methods, though, are rigorous and usually will include a solution that significantly improves on any initial concept put forward by the design team.

      GRST methods can deal with problems with the architecture of undistinguished functions and with many local improvements. The ability to deal with non-differentiable functions makes it easy to address problems related to distinct design variables, which are common aspects of structural design. Many GRST methods are well adapted for parallel processing, in particular the evolutionary algorithms mentioned in the next section. The number of implementing variables would allow concurrent processing to be used to respond within a reasonable period if every MDO problem is resolved by the GRST method rather than trivial.

      Evolutionary algorithms are a subset of GRST techniques that employ very special approaches that focus on evolutionary concepts seen in nature. This approach also exposes some designs to spontaneous variations and offers anyone with a practical advantage an increased opportunity to produce “spring” designs. There are a number and different methods to solving complicated optimization problems using the same straightforward probabilistic technique. We are concerned with GA, which may be the most popular evolutionary form of algorithms in-process libraries or in commercial MDO systems.

1.7 Genetic Algorithms

GA is a family of computational methods based upon the evolutionary theory of Darwinian/Russel Wallace, used to solve general problems through optimization. Caution is in order at this point! The use of biology-inspired terms in the GA system demonstrates genetics, which engineers considered several years ago as an optimization process. Since then, substantial progress in biology has shown that true genetic growth is many compounders but only a convenient metaphor remains the term “genetics” used in this book. Instead of looking from one design point to another in search of improved design, the GA shifts to a second population with a reduced meaning for the restricted purpose feature, from an existing set of design points called group. A replication and mutation process on the computer model of the plant design points achieves progress from generation to generation.

      Although, the design team would like to see data from prior designs or preliminary studies in the application for engineering design from the original collections of design points. The question is not distinct from those used in the application of search methods. The objective design function and constraints at each design point of the population must be estimated. The experiments are independent such that the parallel treatment can be included. We now turn to the definition stage of data representation.

      1.7.1 Design Point Data Structure

      The architecture variables describing a specific design point are described by binary numbers and linked to a 0.1-bit string. Suppose, for example, that we create a solid cone with height and base diameter as design variables and then begin a design point with 4 m of height with a base diameter of 3 m (4, 3). This coordinate is a binary variant (100, 011) which is a concatenated string (100011). This string is named the chromosome of the structure that reflects its roots in genetics, and the individual sections are gene analogs. Therefore, there are multiple chromosomes in the population, equivalent to the number of design points that we intend to use in the field of design. Also, the chromosome number of digit slots (bits) should be sufficient to fulfill the software and the degree of precision of the various specification variable values.

      1.7.2 Fitness Function

      The problem with optimization was now reconfigured to a set of chromosomes which represent a century of designs with a special design for each chromosome. The AG encourages a “fittest survival” policy, which would eventually transfer chromosomes through generations before an optimum arrangement is found. This includes a chromosome recognizing or excluding process such that we monitor for the fitness to be included in the next generation of designs for the same chromosome. This is achieved by using a health function which is a metric of goodness common to all chromosome-based conception points with a separate meaning for each point. Why a penalty for a limitation violation is included in the exercise feature later is discussed.

Essentially, systems are designed to help design the next generation of chromosomes in the community and their СКАЧАТЬ