Smart Grids and Micro-Grids. Umashankar Subramaniam

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СКАЧАТЬ discussed earlier, sometimes the dc-dc converter is supposed to control the output voltage, i.e., dc microgrid voltage. To derive the transfer function between the output voltage and inductor current which would be the outer control loop of the converter, let the perturbation in output voltage be . Using the perturbations in equation (2.1) and linearizing the resulting expressing, one would obtain

      (2.8)

The transfer function from output voltage to inductor current of the outer loop is given by

      (2.9)

      The voltage compensator is given by

      (2.10)

      Where kp,v and ki,v are gain of PI controller of voltage loop. The control system loop gain is

      (2.11)

      As stated earlier, the pole can be eleminated by the zero of the PI compensator. Defining τ_v is the desired time constant of the closed-loop system ( is the bandwidth of the voltage closed loop), we can choose

      (2.12)

      (2.13)

The current loop is designed with a crossover frequency of less than a tenth of the switching frequency of the converter. The voltage compensator is designed to have the crossover frequency to be one half of the crossover frequency of the current loop [11].

       2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink

A MATLAB-Simulink model of the converter system shown in Figure 2.2 is developed with the specification listed in Table 2.3. The controller shown in Figure 2.3 for control of the bidirectional converter is also implemented in the Simulink platform. The components of the dc-dc converter are selected based using relations [12, 13].

      (2.14)

      (2.15)

      (2.16)

Where V_B, I_B are battery voltage and battery current, respectively while ΔV_B, ΔI_B are the ripple in the battery. f_sw, V_dc are switching frequency and microgrid dc voltage, respectively. The commands “Batt – charge, V_dc–ctrl ” along with the power to be exchanged (I_{B(disc, ref)}, I_{B(cha, ref)}) with microgird are sent to the controller from the EMS of microgrid. The feedback signals inductor current (i_L), dc microgrid voltage (V_dc) are also input to the controller.

Table 2.3 Specifications of the boost converter interfacing dc microgrid and battery.

Parameter	Value
Nominal voltage (VB)	240 V
Rated capacity	35 Ah
Initial SOC	60%
Inductance (L) ESR (rL) of inductor	2.6 mH 0.005Ω
Output capacitor (C0)	2200 µF
DC load	400 Ω
DC microgrid voltage	400 V

Figure 2.5 shows the results for the case when V_dc–ctrl = 0, i.e., ESS should be charging or discharging depending on the status of the Batt – charge command. Initially, command V _dc–ctrl = 1, and the battery discharging current reference is set to 35 A. After 5 sec, the discharging current reference is changed to 17.5 A. After 10 sec, command Batt – charge = 1 and the reference of charging current is kept at 35 A, which was subsequently changed to 17.5 A at 15 sec. The controller was able to track the reference current, as evident from the waveform of Figure 2.5. It is also clear from the figure that the SOC was decreasing when the battery was discharging, while SOC was increasing for the case when the battery was discharging. A similar observation can be made about the battery voltage.

For the case, when it is required to maintain the dc voltage level of microgrid, the command V_dc–ctrl = 1 is received from the microgrid. The reference for dc microgrid voltage is set to 400V. To show the performance of controller under such condition, initially V_dc–ctrl = 0, Batt – charge = 0 and the battery discharging current reference (I_{B(disc, ref)} was set to 35 A. At t=5 sec, the V_dc–ctrl = 1 was sent to the controller. Figure 2.6 shows the performance of the controller. It shows that the converter was able to track the reference voltage.

       2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid

Depending on microgrid structure, grid-tied inverter interfaces the ESS (Energy Storage Systems) to the external ac gird or the ac bus of ac microgrid. Generally, 3-phase VSI based converter is used and a typical schematic is shown in Figure 2.7. The converter and its associated controller is supposed to perform the following functions:

       a. If the system is in grid-connected mode, the VSI is supposed to supply real and reactive power to the grid. In case the ESS is discharged, ac power has to be absorbed from the grid to charge the ESS.

       b. In islanded mode, the ESS is required to maintain the PCC voltage to the reference voltage.

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