Smart Grids and Micro-Grids. Umashankar Subramaniam

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      Equation (1.28) and (1.29) are transcendental equation and the solution can be obtained through numerical techniques.

1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation

This section presents the numerical methods of Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson to estimate the five parameters (A, R_se, R_sh, I_sat and I_LG) by solving the non-linear transcendental equations written for SDM of PV panel under STC and dynamic environmental conditions.

       1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique

      The GS is an iterative technique for solving the non-linear transcendental equations. The generalized form of equation to be solved using GS can be represented as [15, 20]:

      (1.30)

      Where ‘x’ is the variable to be determined and ‘k’ denotes the number of iterations, x^k+1 is the new value obtained and x^k represents the old value. The algorithm converges if the absolute error of new and old values is less than the tolerance of 10^-6. In this work, the GS method is employed to determine the unknown parameters by solving the equations of (1.10), (1.11), and (1.13) to get the values of V_t, R_se, and R_sh with the input values of V_mpp, I_mpp, V_oc, I_sc, and N_s, and initialization of V_t, R_se, and R_sh. Then, the obtained values of V_t, R_se, and R_sh are used to compute the unknown parameters of I_LG and I_sat. The detailed procedure on determination of five parameters of PV module is described in [15]. However, under dynamic environmental condition the GS method is failed to obtain the converged solution as the initial values cannot be chosen appropriately. Hence, a variant of GS method called Successive Under Relaxation was used to solve (1.28) and (1.29) to obtain the voltage and current at MPP under varying environmental condition as given in [15]. However, the appropriate choice of selection of relaxation factor should be made for faster convergence of solution else may result in slow convergence as SUR exhibits linear convergence characteristics [21].

       1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method

      Newton-Raphson method is one of the widely used iterative computational techniques for deducing the solution of non-linear transcendental equations. This is due to its simplicity, robustness, fast convergence among various numerical techniques [8]. The generalized equation representing the solution of non-linear equations using NR method can be expressed as:

      (1.31)

Employing this method with the initial guess values obtained using equations given in section 1.2.1 and substitution of parameters like V_oc, I_sc, V_mpp, I_mpp and N_s from data sheet in the transcendental equations from (1.10), (1.11) and (1.13). Equation (1.31) can be written as,

      (1.32)

The deduced values of V_t, R_se and R_sh are used to calculate I_LG and I_sat using (1.4) and (1.5). Similarly, the calculations are performed for estimating the parameters under dynamic environmental conditions of varying irradiance and temperature to estimate the maximum power from the panel. To achieve this, initially the open circuit voltage V_oc(G) of PV panel under varying irradiance condition need to be estimated using (1.22) by NR technique. Then, the obtained values are used to estimate the five unknown parameters of SDM under dynamic conditions using equations (1.23) to (1.27), respectively. The simplified steps in solving the transcendental equation using NR technique with error tolerance of 10^-6 is given in the form of flowchart as shown in Figures 1.2 and 1.3 for STC and dynamic environmental conditions, respectively. Unlike Gauss-Seidel technique, there is no need for any additional techniques such as SUR technique to solve the equations (1.28) & (1.29) which adds more value to the NR approach.

1.4 Results and Discussion

This section presents the simulation and experimental results of estimated parameters of SPV panel. The effectiveness of numerical methods is tested on various panels like KD245GX, U5-80 and Shell SP70 under STC and varying environmental conditions. The manufacturer’s data of short circuit current (I_sc), open circuit voltage (V_oc), number of series cell (N_s), maximum output current (I_mpp) and output voltage (V_mpp) at STCs are given in Table 1.1. The numerical solution obtained for the aforementioned PV panels using GS and NR techniques in MATLAB. The comparative analysis of results found exhibit that the performance of NR technique was superior to the GS method under dynamic environmental conditions. Hence, the effectiveness of NR technique was compared with the experimental data recorded for HST60FXXXP PV panel through its P-V and I-V characteristics analysis.

Figure 1.2 Flowchart to evaluate the PV module parameters using NR method under STC.

Figure 1.3 Flowchart to evaluate the PV module parameters using NR method under dynamic environmental condition.

Table 1.1 СКАЧАТЬ