Counseling the Culturally Diverse. Laura Smith L.

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       Table 4.1 Examples of Microaggressions

Themes	Microaggression	Message
Alien in Own Land When Asian Americans and Latinx Americans are assumed to be foreign‐born	“Where are you from?” “Where were you born?”	You are not American
	“You speak good English”	You are a foreigner
	A person asking an Asian American to teach them words in their native language
Ascription of Intelligence Assigning intelligence to a Person of Color or a woman based on his or her race/gender	“You are a credit to your race”	People of color are generally not as intelligent as White Americans
	“Wow! How did you become so good in math?”	It is unusual for a woman to be smart in math
	Asking an Asian person to help with a math or science problem	All Asian people are intelligent and good in math/ sciences
	“You only got into college because of affirmative action”	You are not smart enough on your own to get into college
Color Blindness Statements that indicate that a White person does not want to acknowledge race	“When I look at you, I don't see color”	Denying a Person of Color's racial/ethnic experiences
	“America is a melting pot”	Assimilate/acculturate to dominant culture
	“There is only one race, the human race”	Denying the individual as a racial/cultural being
Criminality/Assumption of Criminal status Assuming a Person of Color to be dangerous, criminal, or deviant based on their race	A White man or woman clutching their purse or checking their wallet as a Black or Latinx individual approaches or passes	You are a criminal
	A store owner following a customer of color around the store	You are going to steal/You are poor/You do not belong
	A White person waits to ride the next elevator when a Person of Color is on it	You are dangerous
Use of Sexist/Heterosexist Language Terms that exclude or degrade women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons	Use of the pronoun “he” to refer to all people	Male experience is universal Female experience is meaningless
	Although a male‐to‐female transgender employee has consistently referred to herself as “she,” coworkers continue to refer to her as “he”	Our language does not need to change to reflect your identity; your identity is meaningless
	Two options for Relationship Status: Married or Single	LGBTQ partnerships do not matter/are meaningless
	An assertive woman is labeled a “bitch”	Women should be passive
	A heterosexual man who often hangs out with his female friends more than his male friends is labeled a “faggot”	Men who act like women are inferior (women are inferior)/gay men are inferior
Denial of Individual Racism/Sexism/Heterosexism/Religious Discrimination A statement made when bias is denied	“I'm not racist; I have several Black friends”	I am immune to racism because I have friends of color
	“I am not prejudiced against Muslims; I am just fearful of Muslims who are religious fanatics”	I can separate Islamophobic social conditioning from my feelings about Muslim people in general
	“As an employer, I always treat men and women equally”	I am incapable of sexism
Myth of Meritocracy Statements that assert that race or gender does not play a role in life successes	“I believe the most qualified person should get the job”	People of color are given extra unfair benefits because of their race
	“Men and women have equal opportunities for achievement”	The playing field is even, so if women cannot make it, the problem is with them
Pathologizing Cultural Values/ Communication Styles The notion that the values and communication styles of the dominant/White culture are ideal	Asking a Black person: “Why do you have to be so loud/animated? Just calm down”	Assimilate to the dominant culture
	To an Asian or Latinx person: “Why are you so quiet? We want to know what you think. Be more verbal. Speak up more”
	Dismissing an individual who brings up race/culture in a work/school setting	Leave your cultural baggage outside
Second‐Class Citizen When a target group member receives differential treatment from the power group	Mistaking a Person of Color for a service worker	People of color are servants to White Americans; they couldn't possibly occupy high‐status positions
	Mistaking a female doctor for a nurse	Women occupy nurturing roles
	Having a taxi cab pass a Person of Color and pick up a White passenger	You are likely to cause trouble and/or travel to a dangerous neighborhood
	Ignoring a Person of Color at a store counter and giving attention to the White customer behind them	White Americans are more valued customers than People of Color
	Not inviting a lesbian woman out with a group of female friends because they think she will be bored if they talk to men	You don't belong
Traditional Gender Role Prejudicing and Stereotyping When expectations of traditional roles or stereotypes are conveyed	A male professor asking a female student working on a chemistry assignment, “What do you need to work on this for anyway?”	Women are less capable in math and science
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