Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ 2008 to May 2010 for (a) thre...Figure 18.12 Layout of SP monitoring near the wellhead of monitoring well at...Figure 18.13 Measured self‐potentials from April 2014 through February 2017 ...

      18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Location of IBDP (blue star) in relation to Illinois Basin and s...Figure 19.2 Historic and instrument‐located earthquakes in Illinois from 179...Figure 19.3 Geologic column of the IBDP site showing Mt. Simon reservoir, se...Figure 19.4 Aerial site photo view with well locations.Figure 19.5 Cross section across the IBDP study site showing the Mt. Simon a...Figure 19.6 Diagram of pressure readings in lower six levels (zones) of VW1 ...Figure 19.7 Diagram showing configuration of borehole and monitoring equipme...Figure 19.8 (a) Geiger solution RMS residual slice for a selected constraine...Figure 19.9 Maximum theoretical uncertainty of microseismic x‐y‐z location a...Figure 19.10 Sample spectral analysis of data from CCS1 used to compute even...Figure 19.11 Clusters 1–4 directions in relation to maximum horizontal in si...Figure 19.12 Gutenberg‐Richter plot of all the microseismicity during the 3 ...Figure 19.13 (a) FPS inclination analysis using strike‐slip model with avera...Figure 19.14 FPS results for all clusters.Figure 19.15 Key model components and data sources: 3D seismic intersection,...Figure 19.16 (a) Discrete features inverted from microseismic observations u...Figure 19.17 Location of modeled microseismic events (yellow) and measured m...Figure 19.18 Number of modeled microseismic events (green) and observed micr...Figure 19.19 Comparison of modeled microseismic events (red) at time steps t...

      19 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 (a) U.S Department of Energy Regional Carbon Sequestration Partn...Figure 20.2 Map showing anthropogenic sources of CO₂ and potential oilfield ...Figure 20.3 Over 150 km of pipeline connect two sources to three projects an...Figure 20.4 Map showing data collection locations and methods for use in cha...Figure 20.5 Geologic characterization of the reservoir occurred at a variety...Figure 20.6 The storage reservoir characterized by hydraulic flow units. HFU...Figure 20.7 Relative strength of reservoir and caprock facies. Caprock facie...Figure 20.8 1,524 m x 1,524 m 1D mechanical Earth model. The model is center...Figure 20.9 Location map of all FWU wells and SWP aqueous‐phase (purple shad...Figure 20.10 Fluid injection and fluid/tracer production history for FWU inj...Figure 20.11 Fluid injection and fluid/tracer production history for FWU inj...Figure 20.12 CO₂ mole fraction 20 year forecast distribution at the FWU. Pla...Figure 20.13 Risk assessment workflow.Figure 20.14 Process influence diagram for CO₂ storage and CO₂‐EOR risks/FEP...Figure 20.15 Monthly accounting since SWP began monitoring the site in 2013,...Figure 20.16 Cumulative values for features shown in Figure 20.15. Targeted ...Figure 20.17 Monthly oil production and CO₂ injection. Oil production and CO

      20 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Location maps showing (a) the regional setting of Cranfield fiel...Figure 21.2 Baseline seismic showing (a) a 30 Hz amplitude variation with fr...Figure 21.3 Comparing the fluid‐flow model to the 4D seismic response (from ...Figure 21.4 Interpreted cross‐well tomography velocity difference at the DAS...Figure 21.5 Inversion of ERT response over time to CO₂ saturation (from Carr...Figure. 21.6 Surface pressure measurements in injection well F1 and observat...

      21 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 (a) Location of the Sleipner Field in the Norwegian North Sea. S...Figure 22.2 P‐wave velocity variation with brine saturation for various patc...Figure 22.3 Two‐way travel time map view of the Top Utsira Sand Wedge horizo...Figure 22.4 (a) P‐wave velocity model of baseline vintage (1994) derived by ...Figure 22.5 (a, b, and c) Frame bulk modulus K_D, frame shear modulus G_D, and...Figure 22.6 (a, b, and c) Uncertainty of frame bulk modulus K_D, frame shear ...Figure 22.7 (a, b, and c) CO₂ saturation estimated by RPI using patchiness e...Figure 22.8 (a, b, and c) Uncertainty of CO₂ saturation estimated by RPI usi...Figure 22.9 (a and b) Estimation of patchiness exponent and related uncertai...Figure 22.10 From left to right: 1D profiles of CO₂ saturation using differe...Figure 22.11 Estimation of frame shear modulus, frame bulk modulus, and poro...Figure 22.12 (a and b) Estimation of brine saturation S_w and (c and d) estim...Figure 22.13 Estimation of brine saturation S_w and Brie exponent e in the ca...Figure 22.14 Estimation of brine saturation S_w and Brie exponent e in the ca...

      22 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Annual CO₂ emission per capita in 2010 (data after Worldbank) an...Figure 23.2 Location and structural model of the Ketzin site. (a) location o...Figure 23.3 Drilled lithological profiles of the Stuttgart Formation as reco...Figure 23.4 Normalized logging data for the injection well Ktzi201 showing (...Figure 23.5 Reservoir pressure (top) and temperature (middle) evolution and ...Figure 23.6 Thermodynamic path of the CO₂ during normal operation with event...Figure 23.7 (a) Electrical resistivity of two Ketzin reservoir sandstone sam...Figure 23.8 Time line of geophysical survey activities at the Ketzin site (d...Figure 23.9 Overview of investigations relevant for the geophysical monitori...Figure 23.10 (a) Outlines of the baseline (black), the first repeat 3D (red)...Figure 23.11 Cross‐section of the stacked and migrated subvolume of the base...Figure 23.12 Amplitude difference (baseline‐repeat) maps at the reservoir le...Figure 23.13 Acoustic impedances inverted from (a) baseline, (b) first repea...Figure 23.14 P‐wave velocities derived from impedance inversion of the 3D ba...Figure 23.15 Relative velocity changes between baseline measurements and fir...Figure 23.16 Sparse 3D seismic survey area with the system of 3D inlines and...Figure 23.17 Amplitude difference horizon at the reservoir level for (a) the...Figure 23.18 Comparison of inverted velocity change percentage for 3D seismi...Figure 23.19 Comparison of the Fresnel depth migration of offset VSP source ...Figure 23.20 (a) Velocity differences obtained by travel time inversion and ...Figure 23.21 Inverted seismic velocity differences (baseline‐repeat) between...Figure 23.22 Layout and location of the permanent geophone/hydrophone array....Figure 23.23 (a) Smoothed frequency spectrum and (b) amplitude decay curve f...Figure 23.24 Inline 1,175 of the 3D seismic data (Juhlin et al., 2007), on w...Figure 23.25 (a) Borehole casing electrically insulated with Ryt‐Wrap™ (dark...Figure 23.26 (a) Time‐lapse sequence of inverted resistivity ratios (i.e., m...Figure 23.27 (a) Series of resistivity images obtained from surface‐downhole...Figure 23.28 (a) Time‐lapse electrical resistivity anomaly and (b) time‐laps...

      Guide

      1  Cover Page

      2  Series Page

      3  Title Page

      4  Copyright Page

      5  LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

      6  PREFACE

      7  Table of Contents

      8  Begin Reading

      9  Index

      10  WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

      Pages

      1  ii

      2  iii

      3  СКАЧАТЬ