Earth Materials. John O'Brien
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Название: Earth Materials
Автор: John O'Brien
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: География
isbn: 9781119512219
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5 Starting with a solid of composition An70 at 1200o, trace the melting history as the system is heated progressively.At what temperature does it begin to melt?What is the composition of the first melt?In general, what happens to the system as the temperature continues to increase.At a temperature of 1400o, what is the composition and percentage of the remaining melt?What is the composition of the remaining crystals?How has the percentage of each changed and how can this be explained in terms of continuous reactions?At what temperature would the melting become complete and what would be its composition?
6 For feldspar of composition Or55, please answer the following questions using Figure 3.4.At what temperature did this mineral crystallize?As it cools, at what temperature would it reach the solvus and begin to undergo exsolution (unmixing)?What is the composition of the first exsolved component?At 400oC, what is the composition and percentage of the exsolved component? What is the composition and percentage of the host phase?What is the best name for the texture of this feldspar after exsolution has occurred?
7 Explain what is meant by silica undersaturation, silica oversaturation and silica saturation. What modal mineral group is indicative of silica oversaturation? What two modal mineral groups are generally suggestive of silica undersaturation? Using the phase diagram for nepheline‐silica (Figure 3.10), describe in terms of %SiO2 component the compositions that are undersaturated, oversaturated and precisely saturated with respect to SiO2 and the minerals that would form from each during equilibrium crystallization of a melt. Do the same for the system forsterite‐silica in terms of weight %SiO2, noting the mineral that forms from a system that is precisely saturated.
8 Summarize the differences between16O and18O? Then explain the effects of temperature and global ice volumes on the ratio of these two isotopes (18O/16O) in ocean water and how they can be used to estimate fluctuations in temperatures and glacial ice volumes through time.
9 What is a radioactive element? What are the three major types of radioactive decay and how does each type account for the specific changes that occur when a parent isotope is converted into a daughter isotope?
10 Explain the meaning of the term half‐life of a radioactive decay process. What percentage of parent isotopes has been converted into the daughter isotope after one half‐life? After 2 half‐lives? After 3, 4, 5 and 6 half‐lives?
REFERENCES
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Chapter 4 Crystallography
3 4.3 Two‐dimensional motifs and lattices (meshes)
4 4.4 Three‐dimensional motifs and lattices
6 4.6 Indexing planes in crystals
9 4.9 Polymorphs and pseudomorphs
4.1 CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES
Crystallography СКАЧАТЬ