Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry. Группа авторов
Чтение книги онлайн.

Читать онлайн книгу Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry - Группа авторов страница 39

Название: Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry

Автор: Группа авторов

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: География

Серия:

isbn: 9781119656999

isbn:

СКАЧАТЬ Sahel rainfall c. 1968 that was evident in all months between April and November (Nicholson et al., 2018b, c). Abrupt changes occurred in the rainfall regime along the Guinea Coast as well around the same time. The changes observed in those regions and in the Congo Basin appear to be associated with a quasi‐global change in teleconnections to the global oceans.

      3.8.4. Conclusions

      There are several questions concerning the meteorology of the Congo Basin that require further study. Examples are the reasons for the low spatial coherence of rainfall variability, the reasons for the drier atmospheric conditions compared to the Amazon and other equatorial regions, the inter‐relationships between large‐scale factors such as the Walker Circulation and more local factors such as orographic circulations, and the reasons why different factors appear to control the intensity of storms versus the rainfall produced.

      Concern about climate change and its impact on the Congo rain forest has already been raised, in light of a decline in forest productivity (Zhou et al., 2014). Analyses presented in this paper indicate a long‐term decline in rainfall that could be linked to global climate change. Hence, better projections of future climate would be desirable. Unfortunately, projections made by climate models cannot yet be used with confidence (Creese et al., 2019, Crowhurst et al., 2020). A better understanding of the meteorological processes controlling rainfall and convection over the Congo Basin could contribute towards improving these models.

      This project is supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, Number 1854511. The author would like to thank Douglas Klotter for the production of figures and Liming Zhou and Adam Hartman for providing several figures used in the chapter.

      1 Adler, R. F., Huffman, G. J., Chang, A., Ferraro, R., Xie, P., Janowiak, J., et al. (2003). The Version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979–present). Journal of Hydrometeorology, 4, 1147–1167. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525‐7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2

      2 Ashouri, H., Hsu, K. L., Sorooshian, S., Braithwaite, D. K., Knapp, K. R., Cecil, L. D., et al. (2015). PERSIANN‐CDR: Daily precipitation climate data record from multisatellite observations for hydrological and climate studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96, 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS‐D‐13‐00068.1

      3 Balagizi, C. M., Kasereka, M. M., Cuoco, E., & Liotta, M. (2018). Influence of moisture source dynamics and weather patterns on stable isotopes ratios of precipitation in Central‐Eastern Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 628–629, 1058–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.284

      4 Balas, N., Nicholson, S. E., & Klotter, D. (2007). The relationship of rainfall variability in west central Africa to sea‐surface temperature fluctuations. International Journal of Climatology, 27, 1335–1349. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1456

      5 Berhane, F., Zaitchik, B., & Badr, H. S. (2015). The Madden‐Julian Oscillation’s influence on spring rainy season precipitation over equatorial West Africa. Journal of Climate, 28, 8653–8672. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐14‐00510.1

      6 Bultot, F. (1971). Atlas climatique du bassin Congolais. Les composantes du biland’eau, Vol. 2. Brussels: Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo, p. 25.

      7 Camberlin, P., Janicot, S., & Poccard, I. (2001). Seasonality and atmospheric dynamics of the teleconnection between African rainfall and tropical ocean surface temperature: Atlantic vs. ENSO. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 973–1005. doi:10.1002/joc.673

      8 Camberlin, P., & Philippon, N. (2002). The East African March–May rainy season: Associated atmospheric dynamics and predictability over the 1968–97 period. Journal of Climate, 15, 1002–1019. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520‐0442(2002)015<1002:TEAMMR>2.0.CO;2

      9 Camberlin, P., Barraud, G., Bigot, S., Dewitte, O., Makanzu Imwangana, F., Maki Mateso, J.‐C., et al. (2019). Evaluation of remotely sensed rainfall products over Central Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145, 2115–2138. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3547

      10 Cook, K. H., & Vizy, E. K. (2016). The Congo Basin Walker circulation: dynamics and connections to precipitation. Climate Dynamics, 47, 697–717.

      11 Creese, A., Washington, R., & Munday, C. (2019). The plausibility of September‐November Congo Basin rainfall change in coupled climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 5822–5846. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029847

      12 Crowhurst, D. M., Dadson, S. J., & Washington, R. (2020). Evaluation of evaporation climatology for the Congo Basin wet seasons in 11 global climate models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2019JD030619. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2019JD030619

      13 Dezfuli, A. K., Zaitchik, B. F., & Gnadadesikan, A. (2015). Regional atmospheric circulation and rainfall variability in south equatorial Africa. Journal of Climate, 28, 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐14‐00333.1

      14 Dezfuli, A. K., & Nicholson, S. E. (2013). The relationship of interannual variability in western equatorial Africa to the tropical oceans and atmospheric circulation. Part II. The boreal autumn, Journal of Climate, 26, 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐11‐00686.1

      15 Diem, J. E., Sung, H. S., Konecky, B. L., Palace, M. W., Salerno, J., & Hartter, J. (2019). Rainfall characteristics and trends – and the role of Congo westerlies – in the western Uganda transition zone of equatorial Africa from 1983–2017. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 10712–10729. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031243

      16 Dyer, E. L E., Jones, D. B. A., Nusbaumer, J., Li, H., Collin, O., Vettoretti, G., & Noone, D. (2017). Congo Basin precipitation: assessing seasonality, regional interactions, and sources of moisture. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122, 6882–6898. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026240

      17 Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M, Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., et al. (2015). The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations – a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Scientific Data, 2, 150066. doi: 10/1038/sdata.2015.66

      18 Hamada, A., Takayabu, Y. N., Liu, C. T., & Zipser, E. J. (2015). Weak linkage between the heaviest rainfall and tallest storms. Nature Communications, 6. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7213

      19 Hartman, A.T. (2016). Tracking and Analysis of Mesoscale Convective Systems over Central Equatorial Africa. Master’s Thesis, Florida State University.

      20 Hartman, A.T. (2021). Tracking and analysis of mesoscale convective systems in central equatorial Africa. СКАЧАТЬ