Advanced Healthcare Systems. Группа авторов

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      Figure 2.1 Healthcare using IoT.

2.2 Related Works

      A paper proposed by Sun et al. [1] named “Security and Privacy in the Medical Internet of Things: A Review” was published in March 2018. In this paper, various security issues are discussed about health-related data which are traveling over the internet. Their main focus was data usability, integrity, and auditing.

      They also talked about different existing techniques available like encryption and access control.

      A survey paper by Zhang et al. [2] on “Security-Aware Measurement in Software-Defined Networking (SDN)” consists of SDN basic architecture, issue in security, performance analysis, bandwidth analysis, topologies, and future scope.

      A paper named “Privacy-Preserving and Multifunctional Health Data Aggregation With Fault Tolerance for Cloud Assisted WBANs” written by Han et al. [3] discusses privacy preserving technique in wireless body area networks.

Abuwardih et al. [5] presented a paper on privacy preserving in healthcare data; in this paper, they discussed various types of attacks and privacy issues related to patient data. They also proposed some architectures and procedures to handle different type of attacks related to patient data. The paper was named “Privacy Preserving Data Mining on Published Data in Healthcare”, and it was proposed in 2016.

      Anwar et al. [6] proposed a paper in 2015 named “Anytime Anywhere Access to Secure Privacy-Aware Healthcare Services: Issues Approaches and Challenges”; this paper consists of various approaches and challenges arises in healthcare industry for providing anytime and anywhere access of health-related resources. In this paper, they have shown approaches that are currently available and also discussed different policies made by government for information and technologies–related and international data–related security issues. The issues are generated by human, machine, and some other factors. All the security-related concern is discussed in detailed manner.

      Rahman et al. [18] published a paper in ICOST (International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics) naming “Inclusive Society: Health and Wellbeing in the Community and Care at Home”. In this paper, they have proposed a generic model “PriGen” for securing patient health-related data with the help of cloud storage. PriGen facilitates access of patient health-related data without involvement of any other party from the cloud as well as hiding highly sensitive data. PriGen uses homomorphic function for encryption of data that needs very high security and which is critical. This algorithm preserves the highly sensitive health-related personal data in public cloud environment and maintains confidentiality of the patient data.

      Bindahman et al. [19] proposed a paper in 2011 ICIEIS (Informatics Engineering and Information Science: International Conference) in which they talked about general concept of privacy problem related to patient health data. They discussed various available security measures and its performance comparison related to healthcare data. Based on that, they also suggested some techniques for those security-related problems.

      Next is the paper written by Dubovitskaya et al. [20] entitled “ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection: 30th IFIP TC 11 International Conference SEC 2015”. In this paper, they have discussed various problems in building of health-related database for heterogeneous environment, where data are coming from various sources of different network environment of different hospitals. The integration of data comes from different locations. They introduced scaling and securing techniques for patient e-health data. They have used an algorithm called RSDB (Representative Protein Sequence Database) for collecting patient data efficiently and securely that are coming from various sources.

A paper by Idoga et al. [22] has discussed different issues related to privacy in the application e-healthcare environment.

2.3 Architecture

      In this section, we will discuss three-layer architecture of next-generation healthcare industry with smart sensors, fog node, and cloud computing. The new healthcare industry will change the way hospital staff or doctors treat the patient. This IoT-driven healthcare industry will get highly efficient environment at very low cost, which decreases the workload and increases the throughput. The layered architecture will do different tasks at different layer. The three layers are device layer, fog layer, and cloud layer as shown in Figure 2.2.

      2.3.1 Device Layer

At this layer, a very large number of smart sensors are involved, which are gathering tons of health-related data in near real-time. Any patient or healthcare specialist can access these data using any web-enabled device like phone, tablet, or computers. What they require is a secure and stable communication protocol to next layer in this case (fog layer). There is various communication are available for the wireless sensor nodes for communication within each other or propagating information to next layer. But selection of best protocol from the pool of various protocols is a tedious task. There are some protocols which are widely adopted for some general data transfer tasks are Low-Energy Bluetooth and High-Fidelity Wi-Fi.