Corporate Finance For Dummies. Michael Taillard

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СКАЧАТЬ into two main categories:

       Current liabilities: Liabilities that must be paid back, fully or in part, in less than one year

       Long-term liabilities: Liabilities that must be paid back in a time period of one year or more

      Current liabilities

      This section lists the current liabilities you find on the balance sheet in order from those that must be paid in the shortest period from when they were incurred to those that can be paid off in the longest period from when they were incurred.

      Accounts payables

      Accounts payables include any money that’s owed for the purchase of goods or services that the company intends to pay within a year. Say, for instance, that a company purchases $500 in paper clips and plans to pay that amount off in six months. The company adds $500 to the value of its accounts payables. But after the company pays an invoice for the money it owes, it removes the value of that invoice from the accounts payables.

      Unearned income

When a company receives payment for a product or service but has yet to provide the goods or services it was paid for, the value of what the company owes the customer contributes to its unearned income. Imagine, for example, that you own a dog polishing business that charges $10 per session. One of your customers pays $120 for monthly sessions, so your unearned income for that customer is $120 at the start. That value decreases by $10 every month as you provide the services that the customer paid for in advance.

      Accrued compensation and accrued expenses

      As a company utilizes resources such as labor, utilities, and the like, it must eventually pay for these resources. However, most companies make such payments once every week, two weeks, three weeks, month, and so on, not upon receipt of the resource.

       Accrued compensation refers to the amount of money that employees have earned by working for the company but haven’t been paid yet. Not that the company is refusing to pay, necessarily, just that people tend to get paid once every one to four weeks. So until these people receive their paychecks, the amount that the company owes them is considered a liability.

       Accrued expenses work in a similar way and are applied to such things as rent, electricity, water, and any other expenses that a company incurs and pays at regular intervals.

      Deferred income tax

      For tax purposes, sometimes a company chooses to report its income in a different period than when it actually earned the income. Although deferred income tax, as it’s called, can be quite useful for businesses in their attempt to reduce tax expenses in any given year, it does provide an additional concern for analysts. To clarify just how much a company owes in deferred income taxes, the company reports this amount in the liabilities portion of the balance sheet.

      Current portion of long-term debt

      Often companies pay long-term debt in small portions over the course of several years. The current portion of long-term debt that a company has to pay in the next year is subtracted from long-term liabilities (see the next section) and added as a part of the short-term liabilities. Not all companies include this category on their balance sheets, but it’s extremely common.

      Other current liabilities

      Companies include any liabilities that they have to pay within the next year and that they don’t specify elsewhere on the balance sheet in the liability category creatively called other current liabilities. This category can include a wide variety of things from royalties to interest to rebates and everything in between.

      Long-term liabilities

      This section outlines the categories you see in the long-term liabilities section of the balance sheet.

      Notes payable

      When a company owes money that it expects to pay in a time period that’s longer than one year, the value of that money goes into a category called notes payable. Often this category includes all loans and debt that the company is expected to pay over the long run. However, some companies choose to include any payments on bonds held for more than one year in a separate category called bonds payable.

      Capital lease obligations

      When a company leases a piece of capital, the total amount owed on that lease adds to the value of the capital lease obligations category of liabilities. As the company gradually pays the lease, each payment causes a deduction from this liability.

Eyeing Owners’ Equity

      The owners’ equity portion of the balance sheet breaks down exactly what value the company has to its owners and how that value is allocated to them. The amount of value that investors have in a corporation is equivalent to the amount of total assets the company has minus its total liabilities.

      

In all cases, regardless of any other variables, debtors always get their cut in a company’s assets before investors. Just as you must take into consideration all the money you owe when calculating your personal net worth, so must every company. Owners don’t get anything until lenders get their money back.

      This section goes over the subsections that fall under the owners’ equity portion of the balance sheet. The first three cover different types of stock, while the last three go over other types of earnings and income.

      Preferred shares

Company ownership is measured in shares of stock, but the types of stock vary. The first one listed on the balance sheet is called preferred shares. Preferred shares take precedence over all other types of stock in several different ways. First of all, preferred stockholders are guaranteed dividends, which means they always get their payments before common shareholders get theirs (see the next section). If the preferred holders don’t get their guaranteed dividends one year, those dividends accumulate into the next year. Holders of preferred shares also get their full value in the liquidation of the company should it go out of business before holders of common shares get anything. Some types of preferred shares can be converted into common shares.

      

On the balance sheet, stock is treated a little differently than on the income statement because you need more details than just the type and amount of stock for the owners’ equity portion to be useful. In addition to the exact type of stock (in terms of preferred shares, standard preferred or convertible preferred), the balance sheet must also list the percentage dividends guaranteed on preferred stock, the number of shares authorized, and the par value guaranteed to preferred shares in case of liquidation (see the section “Additional paid-in capital” for СКАЧАТЬ