Zero Waste Cooking For Dummies. Rosanne Rust

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СКАЧАТЬ are safe when applied appropriately. The miniscule “residues” that are sometimes left behind have no proven adverse effects on human health. Also, herbicides are a specific type of pesticide designed to kill specific weeds. Pesticide is the broader term of a chemical designed to kill weeds, insects, fungus, larvae, or bacteria. Farmers are motivated to use minimal amounts of pesticides because they’re both expensive and time-consuming to apply.

      PESTICIDES: THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON

      The Environmental Working Group (EWG) is a popular nonprofit activist organization with a $12 million budget, heavily supported by the organic industry. A majority of toxicologists believe that the EWG overstates the health risks of chemicals.

Each year, the EWG publishes a “Dirty Dozen” list, warning consumers about consuming certain fruits and vegetables because of pesticide residue. However, their testing is done only on conventionally grown produce and doesn’t test USDA Certified Organic produce (which allows an approved list of natural pesticides, but not synthetic ones). They also don’t communicate the context of the residues, measured in parts per million (a part per million can be visualized as a single grain of sugar among 273 sugar cubes). Every chemical has a predetermined safe level of application. The pesticide residues found by the EWG are nowhere near a hazardous tolerance level according to the U.S. standards (No Observable Adverse Effect Level, or NOAEL, is the scale in which the highest tolerable level of a pesticide where no adverse effect is identified).

      Pasture management, cover crops, soil conservation, and quality

      Farmers use a lot of strategies to reach production and conservation goals. Every farmer manages their land differently depending on its geography. Careful consideration about the application of nutrients determines the health of the soil and overall production. Many farms have a “no till” or minimal tillage philosophy. Soil type and climate determine the type of tillage strategy. The less tillage, the less water erosion, and more carbon storage (which helps offset greenhouse gas emissions). Cover crops, planted after row crops are harvested, help with soil conservation as well as natural pest management. Crop rotation (rotating what you plant in various fields from one crop to another on an annual basis) allows for different plants to release different nutrients into the soil.

      More food with fewer resources

      When it comes to agriculture, sustainability is about growing enough food to meet humanity’s need while enhancing the quality of the land, water, and air. Of course, this also has to be economically viable and promote the well-being of farmers and society.

      Like so many aspects of our life, farming looks different than it did 30 years ago. Due to urban sprawl today’s farmers are challenged to grow more food on less land. To do so, they use a lot of different technology to better manage their fields and crops. They call it “smart farming” (see the section “Technology and agriculture don’t mix”).

      Upcycling

      You likely have heard the term upcycling as a way to take a discarded byproduct from one industry and reuse it to make another product that’s better than the original. But did you know that food can be upcycled, too? If you’ve ever enjoyed a spent grain pizza at a local microbrewery, you experienced an upcycled meal. Upcycling is taking food, or a food byproduct, and turning it into something edible. Beer manufacturers recycle their grain, creating flour, pasta, and bread products with safe, leftover raw material.

      The first person who decided to make sausages, fruit jam, or banana bread may not have thought they were “upcycling,” but it was a great food waste strategy. Industry is now using byproducts that are safe to eat (that were previously wasted) to create other products. For instance, the fruit pulp left after pressing fruit for juice can be used to add nutrition to snack bars. In fact, there’s currently a whole industry focused on creating packaged foods from upcycled ingredients.

Because food is made from carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, out-of-the-box-thinkers are discovering ways to literally create nutrition out of thin air. In the 1960s, NASA came up with the idea to feed astronauts using a type of bacteria known as hydrogenotrophs to transform the carbon dioxide (CO₂) the astronauts exhaled into protein. Today, more scientists are evaluating this “carbon capture” process, including a company called Air Protein that seeks to solve a decades-long challenge about creating protein from CO₂.

      Cattle farmers upcycle, too, by using grocery store food waste to create ingredients for animal feed. No, they don’t hand-feed a cow a candy bar or slice of old bread, but they take foods like them that are past their use-by dates (as well as waste like vegetable trimmings, food pulp, and nut hulls) and grind them up and add them to other feed material. That feed is then carefully analyzed for specific macro and micronutrients, to provide the specialized nutrition profile that meets the animal’s needs. Animal science experts call this a circular bio-economy (our backyard chickens did the same — pecked at our moldy bread or rotting vegetables then created new nutrition via eggs!).

Concerning the Environmental Impact of Food Waste

      While food spoilage is one of the biggest reasons people throw away food, many Americans throw away perfectly good, safe, and consumable food. In addition, the water and energy used to produce the food is also wasted. Food that sits in landfills results in the production of nitrogen pollution, and it emits methane, a greenhouse gas. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), food waste accounts for about 6 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, preventing food waste can be one potential solution to slow global warming.

There’s a lot of conflicting data regarding the role agriculture plays specifically in GHG emissions. While agriculture plays a role, according to the EPA it accounts for a small portion of all emissions compared to the transportation industry (see Figure 2-1). Planes, rockets, trains, buses, and automobiles generate the largest amount of GHG emissions, along with the energy and industry sectors, accounting for about 80 percent of all emissions (see Figure 2-2). Also, carbon dioxide accounts for 80 percent of GHG emissions, with methane accounting for 10 percent.

According to a report from the Food Waste Alliance, about a third of the world’s food is wasted. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines food waste as “the decrease in the quantity or quality of food resulting from decisions and actions by retailers, food service providers and consumers.” This can include not shelving produce that’s less than desirable in shape, size, or color. Or pitching foods that are beyond the best-by date or are leftover in both restaurant and household kitchens (see Chapter 4 for more on best-by dates).

      Courtesy of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

      FIGURE 2-1: Sources of U.S. GHG emissions by economic sector in 2019.

      While it’s estimated that the world wastes 1.4 billion tons of food, the United States wastes more than any other country. In 2018, the U.S. generated 63 million tons of food waste from commercial, institutional, and residential sectors, according to the EPA’s 2018 Waste Food Report. That also includes food that’s never eaten. СКАЧАТЬ