Race. Paul C. Taylor

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      4 4. See Audrey Smedley, Race in North America (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993).

      5 5. “Amy Cooper … became a ‘Karen’ in internet chatter after she was video recorded … in New York’s Central Park. [A black man] had asked her politely to put her dog on a leash, in accordance with park regulations, and she responded by calling police on him.” Clarence Page, “Will it be Justice or Mercy for ‘Central Park Karen’?” Chicago Tribune, July 19, 2020.

      6 6. J. L. Austin, “A Plea for Excuses,” in Philosophical Papers, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 185.

      7 7. J. L. Shulman and J. Glasgow (2010), “Is Race-Thinking Biological or Social, and Does it Matter for Racism? An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 41, 244–59; L. Faucher and E. Machery (2009), “Racism: Against Jorge Garcia’s Moral and Psychological Monism,” Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 39(1), 41–62. For a general and readable discussion of experimental philosophy, see K. Anthony Appiah, Experiments in Ethics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).

      8 8. Falguni Sheth, Toward a Political Philosophy of Race (Albany: SUNY Press, 2003); David Theo Goldberg, Racist Culture (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1993).

      9 9. Edward Said, Orientalism (1978; New York: Vintage, 1994).

      10 10. Charles Mills, The Racial Contract (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).

      11 11. See Thomas Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 30, 59.

      12 12. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 55.