Materials for Solar Energy Conversion. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ changes in between 2030 and 2050 which cause deaths approximately 250,000 per year. Presently, 80% of conventional energy sources are reported as global energy consumption [2]. The renewable energy utilization estimated in the year 2020 is approximately 8.65%. In the year 2050, this source of energy may tend to increase around 9.82% in the energy demand. The global industrial energy consumption by fuel is shown in Table 1.1.

      Renewable energy sources are free from carbon-di-oxide emission such as solar energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, and wind energy [3]. There is a higher growth in fuel prices and climatic constraints, and industrial sectors are inclined to the renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuel usages. Hence, new advanced technologies are introduced to replace conventional energy sources in industries and some other appliances also [4]. Among the various different types of renewable energy, solar energy is free, clean, and non-pollutant environmental source that has to be implemented in industries. Generally, there is a large quantity of solar energy is available in our earth, easy to extract from sun’s radiation and significantly reduction takes place in green house effects. However, more number of attempts has been made to produce solar energy through photoelectric conversion, photo thermal conversion, photoelectric-photothermal conversion, photochemical conversion, sun trackers and giant mirrors, etc.

      According to International Renewable Energy Policy, the renewable energy generation capacity is accounted in total as 2,537 GW in global energy consumption by the end of 2019 [5]. The net increase of global renewable energy generation capacity is 176 GW (7.4%) in 2019. In this total renewable energy sources, solar energy continued to be a prominent energy generation that takes place as 23% approximately and 20% rise in the year 2019 compared with previous assessment year of 2018.

Table 1.1 Global industrial energy consumption pattern by fuel in 2020 and 2050 (in terms of %).

Sources of energy	2020 (%)	2050 (%)
Liquids	26.3	25.86
Natural gas	23.27	23.71
Coal	25.97	24.43
Electricity	15.77	16.16
Renewable	8.65	9.82

1.2 Forms of Energy

      Various forms of energy [6]: Energy occurs in different forms of energy [39]. They are mechanical energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy, and radiant energy.

The various sources and output are summarized in Table 1.2 [1].

Generation of renewable energy sources—region-wise data source from renewable energy statistics 2020, comparatively renewable energy generation capacity in 2018 to 2019—is presented in Table 1.3.

      There is a continuous development in an alternative energy to fossil fuels and some other energy sources in which renewable source is one of most emerging thing but it is not a new one to the world. In general, across the worldwide nations, there is larger availability of renewable energy which would meet the world’s energy demands as per requirements. However, only 0.02% of solar energy sources can be utilized of total sources like as wind energy, solar energy, bio-mass, and geothermal energy sources [7, 8]. In the past years, there is a rapid increase of solar and wind power systems, which gives a better performance characteristics and more growth rate also. The production and principal costs have been reduced suggestively of those systems. Due to these improvements in the commercial markets, renewable energy has more openings. Solar energy is more extensive technologies based on their effective outcome to the markets in various locations. According to the International Energy Outlook (IEO), total world marketed energy consumption is estimated to rise-up from the year 2020 to 2030 around 12% [7].

Table 1.2 Various sources of energy.

Primary sources	Output energy
Natural Sources (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)	Electrical Energy
Nuclear Fuels—Uranium	Thermal Energy
Solar Radiation	Light Energy

Table 1.3 Renewable energy sources, annual production, and global demand [40].

СКАЧАТЬ

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North America		Europe		Eurasia
Capacity	391 GW	Capacity	573 GW	Capacity	106 GW
Global	15%	Global	23%	Global	4%
Change	+ 22.3 GW	Change	+ 35.3 GW	Change	+ 3.1 GW
Growth	+ 6%	Growth	+ 6.6%	Growth	+ 3%
Central America and Caribbean		Middle East		Asia
Capacity	16 GW	Capacity	23 GW	Capacity	1119 GW
Global	1%	Global	1%	Global	44%
Change	+ 0.6 GW	Change	+ 2.5 GW	Change