The Ocean Plastics Reduction Guide. Группа авторов

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       About the European Investment Bank

      The European Investment Bank is the world’s biggest multilateral lender. The only bank owned by and representing the interests of the EU countries, the EIB finances Europe’s economic growth. Over six decades the Bank has backed start-ups like Skype and massive schemes like the Øresund Bridge linking Sweden and Denmark. Headquartered in Luxembourg, the EIB Group includes the European Investment Fund, a specialist financer of small and medium-sized enterprises.

      Contents

       Preamble

       1. Introduction

       1.1. The oceans

       1.2. Threats to the oceans

       1.3. The need for ocean conservation

       2. Ocean plastic pollution

       2.1. Global plastic production and waste handling

       2.2. Sources of plastics discharge into the oceans

       2.3. Impact of ocean plastics on marine ecosystems

       2.4. Impact of ocean plastics on fisheries and other economic activities

       2.5. Impact of ocean plastics on climate

       3. The challenges of ocean plastics

       3.1. Technical challenges

       3.2. Regulatory and governance challenges

       3.3. Institutional challenges

       3.4. Financing challenges

       4. Technical solutions to ocean plastic pollution

       4.1. Plastic reduction and prevention

       4.2. Improved solid waste management

       4.3. Improved wastewater and stormwater management

       5. Regulatory and institutional solutions to ocean plastic pollution

       5.1. Regulatory measures

       5.2. Market-based instruments and voluntary agreements

       6. Clean ocean financing

       6.1. Approaches to financing ocean plastics reduction

       6.2. The Clean Oceans Initiative

       6.3. Other sources of clean ocean financing

       7. Impact measurement and monitoring

       Annex A The ocean regulatory framework

       Annex B The Clean Oceans Initiative target sectors

       Annex C Clean ocean initiatives

      List of Figures

       Figure 1: Plastic waste accumulating in pristine waters

       Figure 2: Plastics in an open dumpsite in Mukdahan Province, Thailand

       Figure 3: Plastics washed ashore on a beach next to the Panama Canal

       Figure 4: Waterway filled with plastics in Manila, the Philippines

       Figure 5: Small crab entangled in a plastic bag

       Figure 6: Ghost fishing in an abandoned fishing net

       Figure 7: Plastics accumulating on Kuta Beach, Bali

       Figure 8: Lanternfish

       Figure 9: Old fishing gear

       Figure 10: Fresh milk from farm vending machine at farmers market in Ljubljana, Slovenia

       Figure 12: Mangrove forest

       Figure 13: Garbage filtering system across a river in Cebu City, the Philippines

      List of Tables

       Table 1: Top ten global rankings for mismanaged plastic wastes in 2010

      Abbreviations