World Politics since 1989. Jonathan Holslag
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Название: World Politics since 1989
Автор: Jonathan Holslag
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: Историческая литература
isbn: 9781509546749
isbn:
Future
The end of the Cold War did not lead to the expectation that the history of war, dictatorship, and exploitation had reached its end. Neither was everyone convinced that the West would lead. Its weaknesses were numerous. Neoliberalism, in theory, held that citizens were encouraged by competition to give society their best. In practice, policies of neoliberalism had coincided with growing external debt, the decay of infrastructure, and diminishing interest in manufacturing. While it surely pressured people to work harder, it was less evident whether it empowered them as citizens. Other competitors loomed on the horizon. Not only pundits vented their concern. Opinion polls showed that only half of Americans were satisfied with the state of the nation. In 1989 and 1990, only about 40 percent of Americans expected the future to become better while 25 percent believed it would be worse. The Soviet Union might have been defeated, but it did not feel like a victory of the West: neither to the public, nor to many of its opinion leaders. It presented an opportunity, as the West had unequaled power. But would it be able to use it in a way that would restore confidence? Would it use its power advantage to redress some of the internal challenges? Would it be able to use its power to try to shape a world that was more hospitable to its ideals?
Notes
1 1. William Safire, 1991. The new, new world order. The New York Times, January 17.
2 2. John Campbell, 2011. The Iron Lady. London: Penguin, p. 48.
3 3. Concerns triadic patents.
4 4. The North Atlantic Treaty, Washington, April 4, 1949.
5 5. See the declaration of US–EC relations, December 1, 1990.
6 6. Kenneth Newton, and Pippa Norris, 1999. Confidence in public institutions: Faith, culture or performance? Paper for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, September 1–5.
7 7. Ze’ev Chafets, 1990. The tragedy of Detroit. The New York Times, July 29.
8 8. Gordon Brown, 1989. Thatcherism. London Review of Books, 11(3), 3–4.
9 9. OECD: Gross fixed capital formation in constant prices between 1981 and 1990.
10 10. Ronald Shelp, 1987. Giving the services economy a bum rap. The New York Times, May 17.
11 11. Barry Bluestone, 1984. The Deindustrialization of America. New York: Basic Books.
12 12. Rick Rogers (ed.), 1989. Education and Social Class. Lewes: Falmer; Stephen Ball, 1990. Markets, inequality, and urban schooling. The Urban Review, 22(2), 85–99.
13 13. For instance: Diane Ravitch, 1990. Education in the 1980’s: A concern for “quality.” Education Week, January.
14 14. Jonathan Kozol, 1991. Savage Inequalities. New York: HarperPerennial.
15 15. Brian Dumaine, 1993. Illegal child labor comes back. Fortune Magazine, April 5.
16 16. Kozol, Savage Inequalities, p. 25.
17 17. Louise Menand, 1988. The triumph of Trumpery. The New Republic, February 1.
18 18. Trade deficits may be good for U.S., Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1988.
19 19. Marshall Robinson, 1989. America’s not-so-troubling debts and deficits. Harvard Business Review, July.
20 20. Jeffrey Sachs, 1988. Global adjustments to a global trade deficit. NBER Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 639–74.
21 21. Peter Peterson, 1987. The morning after. The Atlantic, October, p. 44.
22 22. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, 1987. The Federalist Papers (Isaac Kramick, ed.). London: Penguin, p. 483.
23 23. Theodore Roosevelt, 2008. Letters and Speeches. New York: Library of America, p. 786.
24 24. Saint Augustine, 2003. Concerning the City of God Against the Pagans (Henry Bettenson, trans.). London: Penguin, p. 96.
25 25. Richard Rosecrance, 1990. America’s Economic Resurgence. New York: Harper and Row.
26 26. Paul Kennedy, 1989. Can the US remain number one? New York Review of Books, March.
27 27. John Kenneth Galbraith, 1958. The Affluent Society. Boston, MA: Mariner Books, p. 259.
28 28. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Report Card in Civics.
29 29. Allan Bloom, 1987. The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster.
30 30. Francis Fukuyama, 1989. The end of history. The National Interest, Summer, pp. 3–4.
31 31. José Ortega y Gasset, 1958. Man and Crisis (Mildred Adams, trans.). New York: W.W. Norton, p. 145.
32 32. Fukuyama, The end of history, p. 17.
33 33. MEXIQUE: la fin du voyage du pape Jean-Paul II définit une troisième voie entre marxisme et capitalisme, Le Monde, May 15, 1990.
34 34. Pierre De Gasquet, 1993. Exception culturelle: François Mitterrand réplique fermement à Bill Clinton. Les Echos, October 18.
35 35. Irving Kristol, 1995. Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: The Free Press, p. 134.
36 36. Seymour Martin Lipset, 1993. Waves of democracy often get reversed. Address before the 88th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Miami, November 8.
37 37. Wallace Peterson, 1995. Silent Depression: Twenty-Five Years of Wage Squeeze and Middle-Class Decline. New York: W.W. Norton. Also: Herbert Gans, 1995. The War Against the Poor. New York: Basic Books.
38 38. George F. Will, 1990. “Who will stoke the fires?” Newsweek, April 9, p. 78.
39 39. Peter Davis, 1995. If You Came This Way. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
40 40. William Henry, 1990. Beyond the melting pot. Time, April 9; National Research Council, 1989. A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Washington, DC: National Research Council.
41 41. Daniel Pipes, 1990. The Muslims are coming! National Review, November 19.
42 42. Robert Pear, 1986. New restrictions on immigration gain public support. The New York Times, July 1; Nona Mayer, and Pascal Pirrineau, 1992. Why do they vote for Le Pen? European Journal of Political Research, 22(1), 123–41.
43 43. Bernard Lewis, 1990. The roots of Muslim rage. The Atlantic, September.
44 44. For instance: David Pearce, 1988. Economics, equity and sustainable development. Futures, 20(6), 598–605; Harry Broadman, 1986. The social cost of imported oil. Energy Policy, 14(4), 242–52.
45 45. СКАЧАТЬ