The 1992 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side

      :Bhutan Economy

      Overview:

       The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and

       forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and

       account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make

       the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The

       economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and

       monetary links. Low wages in industry lead most Bhutanese to stay in

       agriculture. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on

       Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for

       tourists are its most important natural resources.

       GDP:

       exchange rate conversion - $320 million, per capita $200; real growth rate

       3.1% (1991 est.)

       Inflation rate (consumer prices):

       12% (FY90)

       Unemployment rate:

       NA

       Budget:

       revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital

       expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.)

       Exports:

       $74 million (f.o.b., FY91)

       commodities:

       cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit

       partners:

       India 93%

       Imports:

       $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.)

       commodities:

       fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics

       partners:

       India 67%

       External debt:

       $80 million (FY91 est.)

       Industrial production:

       growth rate NA; accounts for 18% of GDP

       Electricity:

       353,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 1,280 kWh per capita (1990)

       Industries:

       cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium

       carbide

       Agriculture:

       accounts for 50% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry;

       self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice,

       corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy, and eggs

       Economic aid:

       Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

       $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million

       Currency:

       ngultrum (plural - ngultrum); 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian

       currency is also legal tender

       Exchange rates:

       ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 25.927 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504

       (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987); note - the Bhutanese

       ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

       Fiscal year:

       1 July - 30 June

      :Bhutan Communications

      Highways:

       1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth

       Civil air:

       1 jet, 2 prop

       Airports:

       2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over

       2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

       Telecommunications:

       inadequate; 1,990 telephones (1988); 22,000 radios (1990 est.); 85 TVs

       (1985); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, no TV (1990)

      :Bhutan Defense Forces

      Branches:

       Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia

       Manpower availability:

       males 15-49, 406,360; 217,348 fit for military service; 17,316 reach

       military age (18) annually

       Defense expenditures:

       exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

      :Bolivia Geography

      Total area:

       1,098,580 km2

       Land area:

       1,084,390 km2

       Comparative area:

       slightly less than three times the size of Montana

       Land boundaries:

       6,743 km; Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km,

       Peru 900 km

       Coastline:

       none - landlocked

       Maritime claims:

       none - landlocked

       Disputes:

       has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama

       area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water

       rights

       Climate:

       varies with СКАЧАТЬ