A Brief Modern Chinese History. Haipeng Zhang

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СКАЧАТЬ to dispute. After the fall of Nanjing, Hong Rengan and Hong Xiuquan’s younger son went to Jiangxi where both were captured; later they were executed in Nanchang.

      The legendary Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace collapsed. Nevertheless, the remaining Taiping troops and their Nian comrades continued to fight for another four years. Based southwest of Fujian and in the east of Guangdong, the southern Taiping troops in the strategic Zhangzhou of Fujian bravely held high the banner of the Heavenly Kingdom. In the north, the Taiping soldiers and the Nian army joined together to attack Qing’s army. Their courage and blood marked the end of the Taiping Rebellion.

1 See: Jiang Tao 姜涛, “Hong Xiuquan ‘dengji’ shishi bianzheng 洪秀全 ‘登极’ 史实辨 正 (Reexamining the date when Hong Xiuquan proclaimed himself the Heavenly King)”, Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 (The historical research), no. 1 (1993), pp. 146–147.

2 Ibid. See also: Zhang Haipeng et al., eds., Zhongguo jindai tongshi 中国近代通史 [General history of modern China] (Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Publishing House, 2009), vol. 2, pp. 266–271. For the more traditional opinion, see: Luo Ergang 罗尔纲, Taiping Tianguo shi 太平天国史 [History of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1991), vol. 1, p. 31.

3 For this proclamation, see: Taiping Tianguo lishi bowuguan 太平天国历史博物馆 (The Museum of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, Taiping Tianguo wenshu huibian 太平天国文书汇编 [A collection of Taiping Tianguo’s official documents] (Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1979), pp. 107–108.

4 See: Zhongguo shixuehui 中国史学会 (China Association of Historians), et al., eds., Taiping Tianguo太平天国 [Collected primary sources: Taiping Tianguo] (Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 1957), vol. 4, p. 572.

5 See: Ibid., vol. 3, p. 141.

6 For this decree, See: Taiping Tianguo wenshu huibian, p. 175.

7 For this treatise, see: Taiping Tianguo lishi bowuguan, ed., Taiping Tianguo yinshu 太平天国印书 [Publications of Taiping Tianguo] (Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Publishing House, 1979), vol. 1, pp. 15–16.

8 See: Taiping Tianguo, p. 164.

9 For the full text of the Law, see: Vol. 1 of Taiping Tianguo yinshu, pp. 409–420.

10 For Palmerston’s note, see: William Conrad Costin, Great Britain and China, 1833–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1937), pp. 149–150.

11 Ibid., p. 195.

12 Liu Danian, Zhongguo jindaishigao, p. 101.

13 See: Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo 中国社会科学院近代史研究所 (Institute of Modern Chinese History, CASS), ed., Sha E qinhua shi 沙俄侵华史 [History of Tsarist Russia’s invasion of China] (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1978), vol. 2, p. 188.

14 See: Vol. 1 of Taiping Tianguo yinshu, p. 486.

15 See: Vol. 2 of Taiping Tianguo yinshu, p. 678.

16 See: Taiping Tianguo wenshu huibian, p. 491.

17 See: Vol. 20 of Zeng Guofan quanji 曾国藩全集 [Complete works of Zeng Guofan] (Changsha: Yuelu Press, 2011), p. 584.

18 William Concrad Costin, Great Britain and China, 1833–1860 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1937; reprint, 1968), p. 307.

19 Charles B. Maybon and Jean Fredet, Histoire de la Concession française de Chang-hai (上海法租界史), trans. Ni Jinglan 倪静兰 (Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2007), p. 165.

20 Zhang Haipeng, “Xiangjun zai Anqing zhanyi zhong qusheng yuanyin tanxi 湘 军 在安庆战役中取胜原因探析” (The reasons why the Hunan Army defeated the Taiping Army in the Anqing Battle), Jindaishi yanjiu 近代史研究 (Studies in the modern Chinese history), no. 5 (1988), pp. 25–50.

21 Luo Ergang, Taiping Tianguo shiliao kaoshi ji 太平天国史料考释集 [Examination and interpretations of primary sources in relation to Taiping Tianguo] (Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1956), p. 204.

22 See: Taiping Tianguo wenshu huibian, p. 524.

23 See: Vol. 4 of Zeng Guofan quanji, p. 362.

24 See: Taiping Tianguo wenshu huibian, p. 491, p. 496, p. 543.

25 Shen Baozhen 沈葆桢, Shen Wensugong zhengshu 沈文素公政书 (Political essays of Shen Baozhen), Chapter 1.

26 See: Vol. 7 of Zeng Guofan quanji, p. 299.

27 See: Taiping Tianguo wenshu huibian, p. 538.

3. The Lost Three Decades

      Changes of the Central and Local Governments

The Taiping Rebellion dealt a heavy blow to Qing’s empire, as well as having a fundamental effect in changing politics in Qing’s late regime. As a result, new political groups began to emerge and the traditional pattern of political power began to transform. This change was embodied in the shift of top-down power and the increasing prominence of Han officials in the imperial court as well as in the rise of the Self-Strengthening Movement (SSM). In the fall of 1861, a palace coup took place in Beijing. In order to gain a monopoly of power, some Princes were executed and the Empress Dowager Cixi 慈禧太后 (1835–1908), who was the mother of the Emperor Tongzhi, wielded the scepter. In the following СКАЧАТЬ