The Arctic and World Order. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ Council Canada to the Special Senate Committee on the Arctic Regarding the Arctic Policy Framework and International Priorities, March 2019, https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/421/ARCT/Briefs/InuitCircumpolarCouncilCanada_e.pdf.

      56 56. Cf. Andreas Østhagen, Gregory Levi Sharp and Paal Sigurd Hilde, “At Opposite Poles: Canada’s and Norway’s Approaches to security in the Arctic,” The Polar Journal 8, 1 (2018), pp. 163–81, https://doi.org/10.1080/2154 896X.2018.1468625. See also Ken S. Coates and Carin Holroyd, “Europe’s North: The Arctic Policies of Sweden, Norway, and Finland,” in idem, eds., The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics (London: Palgrave, 2020), pp. 283–303.

      57 57. On Norway’s High North Strategy, see https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/high-north/id1154/. Cf. Norwegian MFA, Norway’s Arctic Policy, 10/2014, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/indigenous-heritage/norway.phphttps://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/nord/nordkloden_en.pdf.

      58 58. James Black, Stephen J. Flanagan, Gene Germanovich, Ruth Harris, David Ochmanek, Marina Favaro, Katerina Galai, and Emily Ryen Gloinson, Enhancing Deterrence and Defence on NATO’s Northern Flank: Allied Perspectives on Strategic Options for Norway (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2020), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR4381.html. See also Stephen J. Flanagan and James Black, “Norway’s Allies Share Their Views on the Country’s New Defense Plan,” Defense News, April 16, 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/04/16/allies-share-views-on-enhancing-defense-of-norway-and-the-high-north/. See also Peter Bakkemo Danilov, “The Security Situation in Northern Norway is Significantly Different from That in the South,” High North News, October 23, 2020, https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/security-situation-northern-norway-significantly-different-south.

      59 59. Kåre Storvik, “The Future is in the North,” Offshore Engineer, January 13, 2020, https://www.oedigital.com/news/474542-the-future-is-in-the-north.

      60 60. Altogether, some 100,000 Sámi live in Northern Europe—the majority of which are in North Norway. Library of Congress, Legal Report by Elin Hofverberg, “Protection of Indigenous Heritage: Norway,” March 2019, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/indigenous-heritage/norway.phphttps://www.loc.gov/law/help/indigenous-heritage/norway.php.

      61 61. Amy Martin, “The Arctic’s Sámi People Push For a Sustainable Norway,” The World, November 5, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-05/arctics-s-mi-people-look-sustainable-norway.

      62 62. Christian Volk, “The Problem of Sovereignty in Globalized Times,” Law, Culture and the Humanities (Feb. 2019), https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872119828010; Hent Kalmo and Quentin Skinner, eds., Sovereignty in Fragments - The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010); Hannes Gerhardt, Philip E. Steinberg, Jeremy Tasch, Sandra J. Fabiano and Rob Shields, “Contested Sovereignty in a Changing Arctic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100, 4 [Climate Change] (Oct. 2010), pp. 992–1002. Cf. Corine Wood-Donnelly, Contested Sovereignty in a Changing Arctic 1494–2013, PhD Dissertation, Brunel University, 2014.

      63 63. Marc Jacobsen, Greenland’s Arctic Advantage: Articulations, Acts and appearances of Sovereignty Games,” Cooperation and Conflict 55, 2 (2020), pp. 170–192, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836719882476.

      64 64. China has expressed interest in Greenland’s deposits of uranian, thorium, earth oxide, zinc, lead, nickel, copper, and molybdenum as well as valuable deposits of ruby, sapphires, gold, silver and platinum. Bjorn Schionning, “As the Ice Melts, Greenland Considers Its Future,” BBC, January 9, 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51014148; “All Eyes on the Arctic: US, China and Russia Race to Control Far North,” Euronews/AP, July 23, 2020, https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/23/all-eyes-on-the-arctic-us-china-and-russia-race-to-control-far-north.

      65 65. See Laurence Peter, “Danes See Greenland Security Risk amid Arctic Tensions,” BBC, November 29, 2019, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50598898. Cf. Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments/Udenrigsanliggende/Kongerigets-Arktiske-Strategi.

      66 66. Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen, “As the Arctic’s Attractions Mount, Greenland is a Security Black Hole, “Reuters, October 20, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-greenland-security-ins-idUSKBN2750J6.

      67 67. Katrina Manson and Richard Mine, “US Financial Aid for Greenland Sparks Outrage in Denmark,” April 23, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/6d5e20cd-8af5-484d-9fb2-249cd83eeea8.

      68 68. United Nations, “The Climate Crisis—A Race We Can Win, “ https://www.un.org/en/un75/climate-crisis-race-we-can-win; UN SG António Guterres “ Remarks at 2019 Climate Action Summit,” September 23, 2019, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2019-09-23/remarks-2019-climate-action-summit. Alec Luhn, “Freezing Cold War: Militaries Move in as Arctic Ice Retreats—Photo Essay,” The Guardian, October 16, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/16/arctic-ice-retreats-climate-us-russian-canadian-chinese-military.

      69 69. See Sen. Roger Wicker and Sen. Dan Sullivan, “Polar Icebreakers Are Key to America’s National Interest,” Defense News, October 20, 2020, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/10/19/polar-icebreakers-are-key-to-americas-national-interest/.

      70 70. Larry Luxner, “As Arctic Warms Up, US Air Force Launches Department’s First Strategy for Confronting Threats,” New Atlanticist, July 22, 2020, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/as-arctic-warms-up-us-air-force-launches-departments-first-strategy-for-confronting/; C. Todd Lopez, Air Force Reveals Cold Facts on New Arctic Strategy,” DoD News, July 21, 2020, https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2281961/air-force-reveals-cold-facts-on-new-arctic-strategy/; Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs, “Department of the Air Force introduces Arctic Strategy,” July 21, 2020, https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2281305/department-of-the-air-force-introduces-arctic-strategy/. See also Richard Weitz, “US Policy Towards the Arctic: Adapting to a Changing Environment,” October 24, 2019, https://icds.ee/en/us-policy-towards-the-arctic-adapting-to-a-changing-environment/.

      71 71. In 2009, in the government’s National Security Strategy 2020 it was proclaimed that to transform Russia into a “world power” was a national interest and strategic priority. See http://interkomitet.com/foreign-policy/basic-documents/russia-s-national-security-strategy-to-2020/. Cf. Marlene Laruelle, Russia’s Arctic Strategies and the Future of the Far North (London: Routledge, 2013), chapters 1 and 6.

      72 72. AFP, “Russian Rocket Fuel Leak Likely Cause of Marine Animal Deaths,” The Guardian, October 5, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/05/marine-poisoning-in-kamchatka-russia-may-be-rocket-fuel-leak; “95% of Marine Life on Sea Floor Killed in Kamchatka Eco-Disaster, Scientists Say,” The Moscow Times, October 8, 2020, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/10/06/95-of-marine-life-on-sea-floor-killed-in-kamchatka-eco-disaster-scientists-say-a71672.

      73 73. Andrew Osborn, “Putin’s Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push since Soviet Fall,” Reuters, January 30, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-russia-arctic-insight-idUSKBN15E0W0.

      74 74. “Shipbuilders to Deliver Two Mmissile Corvettes to Russian Navy,” TASS, August 25, 2002, https://tass.com/defense/1193533; “Russian Navy Project 21631 Buyan-M Class Corvette Zelyony Dol Arrives at Northern Fleet Base,” Navy Recognition, August 22, 2020, https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/august/8880-russian-navy-project-21631-buyan-m-class-corvette-zelyony-dol-arrives-at-northern-fleet-base.html.

      75 75. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Russia Launches New Nuclear-Powered Ice-breaker,” The Diplomat, May 27, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/russia-launches-new-nuclear-powered-icebreaker/; USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy, “Major Icebreakers of the World,” 2017, https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/Office%20of%20Waterways%20and%20Ocean%20Policy/20170501%20major%20icebreaker%20chart.pdf?ver=2017-06-08-091723-907. СКАЧАТЬ