The Arctic and World Order. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ Yuri Garcia, “Ecuador Says Some Chinese Vessels near Galapagos Have Cut Communications Systems,” Reuters, August 18, 2020, https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-ecuador-environment-china/ecuador-says-some-chinese-vessels-near-galapagos-have-cut-communications-systems-idUKKCN25E2XI.

      37 37. Somini Sengupta, United States Rattles Arctic Talks With a Sharp Warning to China and Russia,” New York Times, May 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/pompeo-arctic-china-russia.html; Sengupta, “U.S. Pressure Blocks Declaration on Climate Change at Arctic Talks,” New York Times, May 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/climate/us-arctic-climate-change.html; Richard Milne, “US Provokes Fury after Blocking Arctic Council Statement,” Financial Times, May 7, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/f879ff9a-70ab-11e9-bf5c-6eeb837566c5; Coral Davenport, “Major Climate Report Describes a Strong Risk of Crisis as Early as 2040,” New York Times, October 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/07/climate/ipcc-climate-report-2040.html.

      38 38. See also the chapters by Andreas Østhagen, Ernie Regehr, Mia Bennett, et al., Marc Lanteigne, and Nengye Liu in this volume.

      39 39. Timothy M. Lenton et al., “Climate Tipping Points –Too Risky to Bet Against,” Nature, November 27, 2019 (correction April 9, 2020), https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03595-0; Stephen Leahy,” Climate Change Driving Entire Planet to Dangerous ‘Tipping Point’,” National Geographic, November 27, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/11/ earth-tipping-point/; NASA, “The Study of Earth as an Integrated System,” https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/; “More Bad News for the Arctic: The Laptev Sea Hasn’t Frozen,” The Economist, October 28, 2020, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/10/28/more-bad-news-for-the-arctic-the-laptev-sea-hasnt-frozen; Flora Graham, “Alarming Delay in the Annual Freeze of Arctic Sea Ice,” Nature, October 23, 2020, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03010-z.

      40 40. USGS Arctic Oil and Gas Report, Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet (July 2008); Raul Pedrozo, “Arctic Climate Change and U.S. Accession to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ,” International Law Studies 89 (2013), pp. 757–75, esp. pp. 763–4; https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=ils. See also, Spohr, op. cit.

      41 41. See Arild Moe’s chapter in this volume. Cf. Moe, “China’s Exaggerated Arctic Interests,” Reconnecting Asia, April 18, 2017, https://reconnectingasia. csis.org/analysis/entries/chinas-exaggerated-arctic-interests/.

      42 42. “Russia Gathers More Data for its North Pole Bid,” The Maritime Executive, October 27, 2019, https://maritime-executive.com/article/russia-gathers-more-data-for-its-north-pole-bid. Submission by the Russian Federation (2001–2009), https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_rus.htm. Cf. Russian Federation, 2001–2019, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/legislationandtreaties/statefiles/rus.htm.

      43 43. See Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, updated October 16, 2020, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm. Cf. Jeffrey J. Smith, “Reach for the Top: Canada’s 2019 Extended Continental Shelf Claim in the Arctic,” Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, 2 (2019), pp. 246–52, https://doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00402008.

      44 44. The environmental regulations allowed under the UNCLOS are not as robust as those allowed if the Northwest Passage is part of Canada’s internal waters.

      45 45. “Inuit and Canada Share Northwest Passage Sovereignty—ICC Canada President,” May 2019, https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/inuit-and-canada-share-northwest-passage-sovereignty-icc-canada-president/; Jane George, “Canadian Inuit challenge U.S. Stance on Northwest Passage,” Nunatsiaq News, May 9, 2019, https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/canadian-inuit-challenge-u-s-stance-on-northwest-passage/.

      46 46. Aki Tonami, “The Arctic Policy of China and Japan: Multi-layered Economic and Strategic Motivations,” The Polar Journal 4,1 (2014), pp. 105–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2014.913931; Ian Storey, “The Arctic Novice: Singapore and the High North,” Asia Policy 18 (July 2014), pp. 66–72, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905278; Hyun Jun Kim, “Success in Heading North? South Korea’s Master Plan for Arctic Policy,” Marine Policy 61 (Nov. 2015), pp. 264–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.08.002.

      47 47. HM Government, Beyond the Ice: UK Policy towards the Arctic, FCO 2018, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/697251/beyond-the-ice-uk-policy-towards-the-arctic.pdf; see also Dan Sabbagh, “China May Pose Threat to UK as Northern Sea Route Clears, Says Navy Chief,” The Guardian, October 8, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/08/china-strategic-threat-to-uk-as-northern-sea-route-clears-says-royal-navy-chief. The Federal Government, Germany’s Arctic Policy Guidelines Assuming Responsibility, Creating Trust, Shaping the Future, August 2019, https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2240002/eb0b681be9415118ca87bc8e215c0cf4/arktisleitlinien-data.pdf; Davina Basse, “Germany: A New (non-)Arctic Power?,” Arctic Yearbook 2019, https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2019/Scholarly-Papers/17_AY2019_Basse.pdf.

      48 48. For a list and timeline of updated Arctic strategies, see Hilde-Gun Bye, “Sweden Launches New Arctic Strategy,” High North News, October 2, 2020, https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/sweden-launches-new-arctic-strategy.

      49 49. But there are other actors too: the small Nordic states of Finland and Sweden, without access to the Northern seas, who see themselves on the forefront of environmental policies and socially and economically sustainable development, plus in the Finnish case, of digital connectivity in the Arctic space; and Iceland, which fancies itself as a potential shipping hub for the NWP and TSR, while keen to protect its fishing industries. In addition, non-Arctic European and Asian states push into the North, as geopolitics and geoeconomics are shifting. Thus, the subtheme of interaction of the Nordic regime (focused on peace and cooperation, prosperity and sustainability) with the impact of exogenous powers on intra-Arctic affairs and the regional power equilibrium is a central area of investigation.

      50 50. Whitney Lackenbauer and Rob Huebert, “Premier Partners: Canada, the United States and Arctic Security,” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 20, 3 (2014), pp. 320–333, https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2014.977313.

      51 51. Dion quoted in NATO STRATCOM COE, Arctic Narratives and Political Values: Russia, China and Canada in the High North, Riga, September 2018, p. 11, https://www.stratcomcoe.org/canadas-arctic-strategy.

      52 52. The Canadian Government 2017 as quoted in Ibid., p. 9.

      53 53. “Canada Needs an Arctic Defence Strategy as Russia, China Eye the North,” Global News, September 25, 2020, https://www.sootoday.com/global-news/commentary-canada-needs-an-arctic-defence-strategy-as-russia-china-eye-the-north-2741803; Vipal Monga, “China’s Move to Buy Arctic Gold Mine Draws Fire in Canada,” Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-move-to-buy-arctic-gold-mine-draws-fire-in-canada-11595764801; Jessica Shadian, Erica Wallis, “When It Comes to Canada-China Relations, It Is Time to Look North,” Policy Options Politiques, July 7, 2020, https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/july-2020/when-it-comes-to-canada-china-relations-it-is-time-to-look-north/. Cf. P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Adam Lajeunesse, “Chinese Mining Interests and the Arctic,” in D. A. Berry, N. Bowles, and H. Jones, eds., Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 74–99.

      54 54. See Government of Canada, Arctic and Northern Policy Framework International chapter, October 22, 2019, https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1562867415721/1562867459588. Note that, as regards the Inuit, the document speaks of supporting first nation “self-determination,” and revitalizing and strengthening the cultures СКАЧАТЬ