The 1996 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

      Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

      Transportation———————

      Railways:

       total: 77 km

       narrow gauge: 64 km 0.760-m gauge; 13 km 0.610-m gauge (used almost

       exclusively for handling sugarcane)

      Highways:

       total: 240 km

       paved: NA km

       unpaved: NA km

      Ports: Saint John's

      Merchant marine:

       total: 367 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,573,063

       GRT/2,147,243 DWT

       ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 247, chemical tanker 6, combination

       bulk 1, container 72, liquefied gas tanker 2, oil tanker 3,

       refrigerated cargo 14, roll-on/roll-off cargo 16

       note: a flag of convenience registry: Germany owns 12 ships,

       Slovenia 3, Croatia 2, Cyprus 1, and US 1 (1995 est.)

      Airports:

       total: 3

       with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1

       with paved runways under 914 m: 2 (1995 est.)

      Communications———————

      Telephones: 6,700

      Telephone system:

       domestic: good automatic telephone system

       international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station -

       1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Saba

       (Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 2, shortwave 2

      Radios: NA

      Television broadcast stations: 2

      Televisions: 28,000 (1993 est.)

      Defense———

      Branches: Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua

       and Barbuda Police Force (includes the Coast Guard)

      Manpower availability:

       males age 15–49: NA

       males fit for military service: NA

      Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1%

       of GDP (FY90/91)

      ======================================================================

      @Arctic Ocean——————

      Map—

      Location: 90 00 N, 0 00 E—body of water mostly north of the

       Arctic Circle

      Geography————

      Location: body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle

      Geographic coordinates: 90 00 N, 0 00 E

      Map references: Arctic Region

      Area:

       total area: 14.056 million sq km

       comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US;

       smallest of the world's four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic

       Ocean, and Indian Ocean)

       note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea,

       East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara

       Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies

      Coastline: 45,389 km

      International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia

      Climate: polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

      Terrain: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge) lowest point: Fram Basin −4,665 m highest point: sea level 0 m

      Natural resources: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

      Environment:

       current issues: endangered marine species include walruses and

       whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from

       disruptions or damage

       natural hazards: ice islands occasionally break away from northern

       Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland

       and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually

       icelocked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure

       icing from October to May

       international agreements: NA

      Geographic note: major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months

      Government—————

      Data СКАЧАТЬ