Tartarin de Tarascon. Alphonse Daudet

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      "Fromont jeune et Risler aîné" (1874) is the first of Daudet's great novels and one of his strongest studies. Sidonie, the daughter of humble bourgeois parents, is filled with a longing for luxury and social prominence. She succeeds in becoming the wife of Fromont, a simple, honest workman whose talent and industry have brought him wealth. Sidonie's unscrupulousness in the pursuit of her object spreads ruin. Risler, the partner of Fromont, withdraws large sums from the common treasury to satisfy the extravagant desires of Sidonie whom he loves. Fromont's eyes are at last opened; he finds the firm, which had always been his pride, on the verge of bankruptcy; he discovers the perfidy of Sidonie and attempts to force her to beg on her knees the forgiveness of Risler's long-suffering wife. Sidonie flees and becomes a concert-hall singer. Her revenge is complete when by means of a letter she proves to Fromont that she has corrupted his much-loved younger brother. Fromont hangs himself.

      Outside the main current of the plot Daudet sketches one of the little dramas of humble life of which he was so fond: the story of Delobelle, an impoverished actor who lives for his art while his devoted wife and daughter Désirée patiently ply the needle to earn bread.

      Daudet up to this time had been recognized as the greatest of French short-story writers. The success of "Fromont jeune et Risler aîné" was immediate, and in his succeeding novels he confirmed more and more surely his right to a place in the front rank of French novelists.

      From this story of the life of the petite bourgeoisie he turns to a wider field. The Bohemia of Paris, a glimpse of the country, and especially the life of the artisan, fill "Jack" (1876). Daudet had known the real Jack at Champrosay in 1868. In the novel Jack is the illegitimate son of Ida de Barency, a shallow demi-mondaine who is passionately devoted to the boy but brings to him nothing but misfortune. Jack begins his suffering in a wretched school where his mother has placed him after the Jesuits had refused to receive him. This school is supported by the tuition fees of boys from tropical countries, petits pays chauds, as Moronval, the villainous director, calls them. The teachers belong to that class of ratés, artistic and literary failures, whom Daudet learned to know well during his first years in Paris. One of these ratés captivates Ida de Barency, and Jack's life of misery continues. Despite his physical unfitness, he is sent to labor in the shipbuilding yards at Indret, suffers tortures in the stoking room of an ocean steamer, is wrecked, and returns to France in a piteous condition. His love for Cécile, granddaughter of a gentle country doctor, is rapidly making a man of him, when his mother enters again into his life and the poor boy dies miserably in a hospital, killed by despair rather than by disease.

      This is perhaps the most powerful of Daudet's novels; it is certainly the most harrowing. The tragedy of the whole is only slightly relieved by the interweaving of the romance of good Bélisaire, the hawker, one of Jack's few friends.

      "Le Nabab" (1878) is concerned with politics, the richer bourgeoisie, and the aristocracy. Jansoulet, the "nabob," returns from Tunis with a large fortune and immediately becomes the prey of parasites. He is made the enemy of the banker Hemerlingue through the social rivalry of their wives. He is elected député from Corsica. The legality of the election is questioned. Jansoulet is supported by the prime minister, the duc de Mora, but the latter dies suddenly, Jansoulet's election is declared invalid, and he dies from a stroke of apoplexy.

      Despite the protest of the author, contemporaries found originals for a number of the characters of this novel. The duc de Mora is Morny, and several others have been identified with greater or less certainty. Félicia Ruys is perhaps Sarah Bernhardt.

      The purely romantic element of the work is found in the story of Paul de Géry and the Joyeuse family, a secondary plot having no vital connection with the main story.

      In "Les Rois en exil" (1880) Daudet explores a new vein in contemporary society. He explains that the idea of the work occured to him one October evening when, standing in the Place du Carrousel, he was contemplating the ruins of the Tuileries. The wreck of the Empire brought to his mind a vision of the dethroned monarchs whom he had seen spending their exile in Paris: the Duke of Brunswick, the blind King of Hanover and the devoted Princess Frederica, Queen Isabella of Spain, and others. "This is the work which cost me most effort," Daudet says, and the reason is not far to seek. He had always painted "from life," and the difficulties incident to gaining an entrance into the intimacy of even dethroned monarchs were almost insurmountable. The novelist's acquaintances were appealed to, from house-furnishers to diplomats. The story of the composition of "Les Rois en exil" is an interesting study of Daudet's methods, his inexorable insistence on truth, even to the most minute details.

      As usual, the characters are sharply contrasted. Christian, the exiled king of Illyria, is detestably weak; Frédérique, his wife devoting herself completely to the interests of her son, Zara, struggles with the aid of the faithful preceptor, Méraut, to prepare the prince for a throne which he is never to ascend. Of all the characters that appear in Daudet's novels it is perhaps Frédérique whose appeal to the reader is strongest, and Frédérique is almost entirely the product of the author's imagination. We cannot but regret the many visions such as Frédérique which were refused admittance to Daudet's essentially romantic mind by the uncompromising laws of a realism which he had mistakenly accepted as his guide.

      The composition of "Les Rois en exil" is defective, but its charm is great. In "Numa Roumestan" (1881) the technique is better. Daudet's first intention was to entitle this work "Nord et midi," his idea being to contrast the north with the south, a theme for which he always had a predilection. Numa is a refined Tartarin; Daudet sends him to Paris, and studies the result. Numa carries all before him by his robust vigor and geniality. The "mirage" effects of the southern sun pursue him to Paris; quick to promise out of the fullness of his hearty enthusiasm, he encourages and disappoints those who trust themselves to him. He deceives his wife, begs her forgiveness with abundant tears, and in a disgusting manner deceives her a second time. The book ends with the picture of Rosalie Roumestan bending over her new-born son. "Will you be a liar too?" She asks. "Will you be a Roumestan, tell me?"

      "L'Évangéliste" (1883), a psychological study rather than a novel, is a heartbreaking picture of the inhumanity of religious fanaticism. "Sapho" (1884) is so essentially French in spirit that it can hardly be understood by American readers. Daudet dedicates it "To my sons when they are twenty." It is intended as a lesson, and if naturalistic works ever can carry a lesson this one certainly does. It is a striking picture of the evils of faux ménages. On the whole "Sapho" is disagreeable, yet of the novels it seems to be Daudet's masterpiece, perhaps because it is the most romantic. The truth may be photographed in its most minute realistic details, as in Zola, or it may be colored by poetic fancy; this has happened in "Numa Roumestan" and especially in "Sapho," the two novels of Daudet which appear most likely to live. In "Sapho" there is a tender note which is lacking in "Jack" and in "Fromont jeune et Risler aîné"; Daudet's nature fitted him to inspire pity rather than indignation. And we must remember that while writing "Sapho" he had in mind the future of his own sons. He looks forward, and in hope of a fortunate issue tells frankly, in a kindly manner, a true story which he hopes may be fruitful of good results. If, instead of assuming the rôle of inquisitorial censor, naturalists would show sympathy for erring mankind, if they would look forward with hope instead of fixing their horrified eyes on the present or the past, their judgments would not tend to make us give up in despair, but might encourage and instruct. "Sapho" is the last of the great novels.

      "L'Immortel" (1888) is a weak and unjust satire directed against the French Academy. "Rose et Ninette" (1892) is a study of the evils of divorce; "La Petite Paroisse" (1895), the only one of the novels with a happy outcome, is a study of jealousy. In "Soutien de famille" (1898, posthumous) two brothers are contrasted; the older, as a matter of course recognized as the head of the family, is weak, and the younger is the real "prop of the family."

      Just after "Sapho" (1884) Daudet's health had begun to decline. Long years of suffering СКАЧАТЬ