The 1994 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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       mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and

       hills in east

       Natural resources:

       coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony,

       manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc,

       uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

       Land use:

       arable land:

       10%

       permanent crops:

       0%

       meadows and pastures:

       31%

       forest and woodland:

       14%

       other:

       45%

       Irrigated land:

       478,220 sq km (1991 - Chinese statistic)

       Environment:

       current issues:

       air pollution from the overwhelming use of coal as a fuel, produces

       acid rain which is damaging forests; water pollution from industrial

       effluents; many people do not have access to safe drinking water; less

       than 10% of sewage receives treatment; deforestation; estimated loss

       of one-third of agricultural land since 1957 to soil erosion and

       economic development; desertification

       natural hazards:

       frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern

       coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes

       international agreements:

       party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered

       Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone

       Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Whaling; signed,

       but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea

       Note:

       world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)

      @China, People

      Population:

       1,190,431,106 (July 1994 est.)

       Population growth rate:

       1.08% (1994 est.)

       Birth rate:

       18.1 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

       Death rate:

       7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

       Net migration rate:

       0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

       Infant mortality rate:

       52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

       Life expectancy at birth:

       total population:

       67.91 years

       male:

       66.93 years

       female:

       68.99 years (1994 est.)

       Total fertility rate:

       1.84 children born/woman (1994 est.)

       Nationality:

       noun:

       Chinese (singular and plural)

       adjective:

       Chinese

       Ethnic divisions:

       Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu,

       Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

       Religions:

       Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1% (est.)

       note:

       officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic

       Languages:

       Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing

       dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan

       (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages

       (see Ethnic divisions entry)

       Literacy:

       age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

       total population:

       78%

       male:

       87%

       female:

       68%

       Labor force:

       567.4 million

       by occupation:

       agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction

       and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.)

      @China, Government

      Names:

       conventional long form:

       People's Republic of China

       conventional short form:

       China

       local long form:

       Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

       local short form:

       Zhong Guo

       Abbreviation:

       PRC

       Digraph:

       CH

       Type:

       Communist state

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