The 2008 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ and Herzegovina Armed Forces (OSBiH): Army of Bosnia and

       Herzegovina, Air and Air Defense Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina

       (Zrakoplovstvo i Protuzracna Obrana, ZPO) (2007)

      Military service age and obligation:

      17 years of age for voluntary military service in the Federation and in the Republika Srpska; conscription abolished January 2006; 4-month service obligation (2006)

      Manpower available for military service:

      males age 16–49: 1,212,007 females age 16–49: 1,170,645 (2008 est.)

      Manpower fit for military service:

      males age 16–49: 996,225 females age 16–49: 962,927 (2008 est.)

      Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

      male: 30,246 female: 28,189 (2008 est.)

      Military expenditures:

      4.5% of GDP (2005 est.)

      Transnational Issues

       Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Disputes - international:

      sections along the Drina River remain in dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of the 1999 border agreement

      Refugees and internally displaced persons:

      refugees (country of origin): 7,269 (Croatia) IDPs: 131,600 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Muslims displaced in 1992–95 war) (2007)

      Illicit drugs:

      increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008

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      @Botswana

      Introduction

       Botswana

      Background:

      Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

      Geography

       Botswana

      Location:

      Southern Africa, north of South Africa

      Geographic coordinates:

      22 00 S, 24 00 E

      Map references:

      Africa

      Area:

      total: 600,370 sq km land: 585,370 sq km water: 15,000 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      slightly smaller than Texas

      Land boundaries:

      total: 4,013 km border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km

      Coastline:

      0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

      none (landlocked)

      Climate:

      semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

      Terrain:

      predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

      Natural resources:

      diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

      Land use:

      arable land: 0.65% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.34% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      10 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      14.7 cu km (2001)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 0.19 cu km/yr (41%/18%/41%) per capita: 107 cu m/yr (2000)

      Natural hazards:

      periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

      Environment - current issues:

      overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note:

      landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

      People

       Botswana

      Population:

      1,842,323 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2008 est.)

      Age structure:

      0–14 years: 35.2% (male 329,418/female 318,160) 15–64 years: 60.9% (male 566,239/female 556,286) СКАЧАТЬ