The 2008 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,

       IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,

       ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer),

       OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,

       UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

      Diplomatic representation in the US:

      chief of mission: Ambassador Bisera TURKOVIC chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 337–1500 FAX: [1] (202) 337–1502 consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York

      Diplomatic representation from the US:

      chief of mission: Ambassador Charles L. ENGLISH embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [387] (33) 445–700 FAX: [387] (33) 659–722 branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar

      Flag description:

      a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle

      Economy

       Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Economy - overview:

      Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. The private sector is growing and foreign investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at nearly 40% of adjusted GDP, remains unreasonably high. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996–99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000–02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003–07 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. National-level statistics are limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Implementing privatization, however, has been slow, particularly in the Federation, although more successful in the Republika Srpska. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. On 1 January 2006 a new value-added tax (VAT) went into effect. The VAT has been successful in capturing much of the gray market economy and has developed into a significant and predictable source of revenues for all layers of government. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. The country receives substantial reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance.

      GDP (purchasing power parity):

      $27.7 billion note: Bosnia has a large informal sector that could also be as much as 50% of official GDP (2007 est.)

      GDP (official exchange rate):

      $14.78 billion (2007 est.)

      GDP - real growth rate:

      6% (2007 est.)

      GDP - per capita (PPP):

      $6,100 (2007 est.)

      GDP - composition by sector:

      agriculture: 10.2% industry: 23.9% services: 66% (2006 est.)

      Labor force:

      1.026 million (2001)

      Labor force - by occupation:

      agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

      Unemployment rate:

      45.5% official rate; grey economy may reduce actual unemployment to 25–30% (31 December 2004 est.)

      Population below poverty line:

      25% (2004 est.)

      Household income or consumption by percentage share:

      lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 21.4% (2001)

      Distribution of family income - Gini index:

      26.2 (2001)

      Budget:

      revenues: $7.094 billion expenditures: $7.137 billion (2007 est.)

      Fiscal year:

      calendar year

      Public debt:

      34% of GDP (2007 est.)

      Inflation rate (consumer prices):

      1.6% (2007 est.)

      Commercial bank prime lending rate:

      7.17% (31 December 2007)

      Stock of money:

      $5.13 billion (31 December 2007)

      Stock of quasi money:

      $5.597 billion (31 December 2007)

      Stock of domestic credit:

      $8.895 billion (31 December 2007)

      Agriculture - products:

      wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

      Industries:

      steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining

      Industrial production growth rate:

      6.7% (2007 est.)

      Electricity - production:

      12.84 billion kWh (2006 est.)

      Electricity - consumption:

      8.501 billion kWh (2006 est.)

      Electricity - exports:

      5.123 billion kWh (2006 est.)

      Electricity - imports:

      3.015 billion kWh (2006 est.)

      Electricity - production by source:

      fossil fuel: 53.5% hydro: 46.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

      Oil СКАЧАТЬ