The 2008 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ style="font-size:15px;">      9 (2000)

      Internet users:

      1 million (2007)

      Transportation

       Bolivia

      Airports:

      1,061 (2007)

      Airports - with paved runways:

      total: 16 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2007)

      Airports - with unpaved runways:

      total: 1,045 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 57 914 to 1,523 m: 183 under 914 m: 800 (2007)

      Pipelines:

      gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,475 km; refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2007)

      Railways:

      total: 3,504 km narrow gauge: 3,504 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)

      Roadways:

      total: 62,479 km paved: 3,749 km unpaved: 58,730 km (2004)

      Waterways:

      10,000 km (commercially navigable) (2007)

      Merchant marine:

      total: 23 by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 11, carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 1, specialized tanker 1 foreign-owned: 7 (Bahamas 1, China 1, Iran 1, Singapore 1, Syria 2, Taiwan 1) (2008)

      Ports and terminals:

      Puerto Aguirre (inland port on the Paraguay/Parana waterway at the Bolivia/Brazil border); Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

      Military

       Bolivia

      Military branches:

      Bolivian Armed Forces: Bolivian Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Bolivian

       Navy (Armada Boliviana; includes marines), Bolivian Air Force

       (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana, FAB) (2008)

      Military service age and obligation:

      18 years of age for 12-month compulsory military service; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; 15–19 years of age for voluntary premilitary service, provides exemption from further military service (2008)

      Manpower available for military service:

      males age 16–49: 2,295,746 females age 16–49: 2,366,828 (2008 est.)

      Manpower fit for military service:

      males age 16–49: 1,600,219 females age 16–49: 1,815,514 (2008 est.)

      Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

      male: 107,051 female: 103,620 (2008 est.)

      Military expenditures:

      1.9% of GDP (2006)

      Transnational Issues

       Bolivia

      Disputes - international:

      Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Río Mamoré, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

      Illicit drugs:

      world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru) with an estimated 29,500 hectares under cultivation in 2007, a slight increase over 2006; third largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 120 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; cultivation generally increasing since 2000, despite eradication and alternative crop programs; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay; major cocaine consumption (2007)

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008

      ======================================================================

      @Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Introduction

       Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Background:

      Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government comprised of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments were charged with overseeing most government functions. The Office of the High Representative (OHR) was established to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. In 1995–96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace and stability throughout the country. EUFOR's mission changed from peacekeeping to civil policing in October 2007, with its presence reduced from nearly 7,000 to 2,500 troops.

      Geography

       Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Location:

      Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

      Geographic coordinates:

      44 00 N, 18 00 E

      Map references:

      Europe

      Area:

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