The 2008 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ (2008)

      Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

      NA

      Internet users:

      40,000 (2007)

      Transportation

       Bhutan

      Airports:

      2 (2007)

      Airports - with paved runways:

      total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2007)

      Airports - with unpaved runways:

      total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007)

      Roadways:

      total: 8,050 km paved: 4,991 km unpaved: 3,059 km (2003)

      Military

       Bhutan

      Military branches:

      Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan Police) (2008)

      Military service age and obligation:

      18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2008)

      Manpower available for military service:

      males age 16–49: 190,104 females age 16–49: 167,289 (2008 est.)

      Manpower fit for military service:

      males age 16–49: 146,063 females age 16–49: 131,193 (2008 est.)

      Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

      male: 7,847 female: 7,530 (2008 est.)

      Military expenditures:

      1% of GDP (2005 est.)

      Transnational Issues

       Bhutan

      Disputes - international:

      Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian Nagaland separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2008

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      @Bolivia

      Introduction

       Bolivia

      Background:

      Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and countercoups. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production. In December 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES president - by the widest margin of any leader since the restoration of civilian rule in 1982 - after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the nation's poor majority. However, since taking office, his controversial strategies have exacerbated racial and economic tensions between the Amerindian populations of the Andean west and the non-indigenous communities of the eastern lowlands.

      Geography

       Bolivia

      Location:

      Central South America, southwest of Brazil

      Geographic coordinates:

      17 00 S, 65 00 W

      Map references:

      South America

      Area:

      total: 1,098,580 sq km land: 1,084,390 sq km water: 14,190 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      slightly less than three times the size of Montana

      Land boundaries:

      total: 6,940 km border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,423 km, Chile 860 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 1,075 km

      Coastline:

      0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

      none (landlocked)

      Climate:

      varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

      Terrain:

      rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

      Natural resources:

      tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

      Land use:

      arable land: 2.78% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 97.03% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      1,320 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      622.5 cu km (2000)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 1.44 cu km/yr (13%/7%/81%) per capita: 157 cu m/yr (2000)

      Natural hazards:

      flooding in the northeast (March-April)

      Environment - current issues:

      the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber СКАЧАТЬ