The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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      Geography

      Location: Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

      Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 45 00 E

      Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States

      Area:

       total: 29,800 sq km

       land: 28,400 sq km

       water: 1,400 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland

      Land boundaries:

       total: 1,254 km

       border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan

       exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

      Terrain: Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Debed River 400 m highest point: Aragats Lerr 4,095 m

      Natural resources: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum,

       zinc, alumina

      Land use:

       arable land: 17%

       permanent crops: 3%

       permanent pastures: 24%

       forests and woodland: 15%

       other: 41% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 2,870 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

      Environment—current issues: soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; energy blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant without adequate (IAEA-recommended) safety and backup systems

      Environment—international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

      Geography—note: landlocked

      People

      Population: 3,409,234 (July 1999 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 25% (male 442,117; female 425,561)

       15–64 years: 66% (male 1,100,334; female 1,148,595)

       65 years and over: 9% (male 122,170; female 170,457) (1999 est.)

      Population growth rate: −0.38% (1999 est.)

      Birth rate: 13.53 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Death rate: 9.03 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Net migration rate: −8.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

       total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 41.12 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.56 years male: 62.21 years female: 71.13 years (1999 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 1.68 children born/woman (1999 est.)

      Nationality: noun: Armenian(s) adjective: Armenian

      Ethnic groups: Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly

       Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989)

       note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from

       Armenia

      Religions: Armenian Orthodox 94%

      Languages: Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

      Literacy:

       definition: age 15 and over can read and write

       total population: 99%

       male: 99%

       female: 98% (1989 est.)

      Government

      Country name:

       conventional long form: Republic of Armenia

       conventional short form: Armenia

       local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun

       local short form: Hayastan

       former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic

      Data code: AM

      Government type: republic

      Capital: Yerevan

      Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (marzer, singular—marz)

       and 1 city* (k'aghak'ner, singular—k'aghak'); Aragatsotn, Ararat,

       Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush,

       Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan*

      Independence: 28 May 1918–2 December 1920 (First Armenian

       Republic); 23 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

      National holiday: Referendum Day, 21 September

      Constitution: adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995

      Legal system: based on civil law system

      Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

      Executive branch:

       chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998)

       head of government: Prime Minister Armen DARBINYAN (since 10 April

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