The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 15 (1998 est.)

      Military

      Military branches: Central African Armed Forces (includes

       Republican Guard and Air Force), Presidential Guard, National

       Gendarmerie, Police Force

      Military manpower—availability:

       males age 15–49: 782,678 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 409,044 (1999 est.)

      Military expenditures—dollar figure: $29 million (1996)

      Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 2.2% (1996)

      Transnational Issues

      Disputes—international: none

      ======================================================================

      @Chad——

      Introduction

      Background: In 1960, Chad gained full independence from France. In December 1990, after Chad had endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya, former northern guerrilla leader Idriss DEBY seized control of the government. His transitional government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled the territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution which was ratified by popular referendum in 1996, held multiparty national presidential elections in 1996 (DEBY won with 69% of the vote), and held multiparty elections for the National Assembly in 1997 (DEBY's Patriotic Salvation Movement won a majority of the seats). But by the end of 1998, DEBY was beset with numerous problems including heavy casualties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where Chadian troops had been deployed to support embattled President KABILA, a new rebellion in northern Chad, and further delays in the Doba Basin oil project in the south.

      Geography

      Location: Central Africa, south of Libya

      Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 19 00 E

      Map references: Africa

      Area:

       total: 1.284 million sq km

       land: 1,259,200 sq km

       water: 24,800 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly more than three times the size of

       California

      Land boundaries:

       total: 5,968 km

       border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197

       km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: tropical in south, desert in north

      Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

      Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under

       way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)

      Land use:

       arable land: 3%

       permanent crops: 0%

       permanent pastures: 36%

       forests and woodland: 26%

       other: 35% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 140 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

      Environment—current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

      Environment—international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

      Geography—note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel

      People

      Population: 7,557,436 (July 1999 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 44% (male 1,675,394; female 1,667,717)

       15–64 years: 53% (male 1,953,251; female 2,034,883)

       65 years and over: 3% (male 99,783; female 126,408) (1999 est.)

      Population growth rate: 2.65% (1999 est.)

      Birth rate: 43.06 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Death rate: 16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

       total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 115.27 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.56 years male: 46.13 years female: 51.09 years (1999 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 5.69 children born/woman (1999 est.)

      Nationality: noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian

      Ethnic groups: Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko,

       Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba), non-Muslims (Sara,

       Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa), nonindigenous

       150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

      Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly

       animism) 25%

      Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango

       (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects

      Literacy:

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