The 2010 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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      Following the First World War, the closely related Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, the new country's leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the demands of other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the Sudeten Germans and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). After World War II, a truncated Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize Communist party rule and create "socialism with a human face." Anti-Soviet demonstrations the following year ushered in a period of harsh repression. With the collapse of Soviet authority in 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its freedom through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution." On 1 January 1993, the country underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

      Geography ::Czech Republic

      Location:

      Central Europe, between Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Austria

      Geographic coordinates:

      49 45 N, 15 30 E

      Map references:

      Europe

      Area:

      total: 78,867 sq km country comparison to the world: 115 land: 77,247 sq km

      water: 1,620 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      slightly smaller than South Carolina

      Land boundaries:

      total: 1,989 km

      border countries: Austria 362 km, Germany 815 km, Poland 615 km, Slovakia 197 km

      Coastline:

      0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

      none (landlocked)

      Climate:

      temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

      Terrain:

      Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very hilly country

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: Elbe River 115 m

      highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

      Natural resources:

      hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber

      Land use:

      arable land: 38.82%

      permanent crops: 3%

      other: 58.18% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      240 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      16 cu km (2005)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 1.91 cu km/yr (41%/57%/2%)

      per capita: 187 cu m/yr (2002)

      Natural hazards:

      flooding

      Environment - current issues:

      air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

       Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

       Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

       Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

       Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

       Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

       Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,

       Whaling

      signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note:

      landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

      People ::Czech Republic

      Population:

      10,201,707 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 81

      Age structure:

      0–14 years: 13.6% (male 712,045/female 673,657)

      15–64 years: 71% (male 3,641,887/female 3,604,044)

      65 years and over: 15.5% (male 623,882/female 956,389) (2010 est.)

      Median age:

      total: 40.4 years

      male: 38.9 years

      female: 42.2 years (2010 est.)

      Population growth rate:

      −0.106% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 210

      Birth rate:

      8.76 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 214

      Death rate:

      10.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 43

      Net migration rate:

      0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 57

      Urbanization:

      urban population: 73% of total population (2008)

      rate of urbanization: 0% annual rate of change (2005–10 est.)

      Sex ratio:

      at birth: 1.059 male(s)/female

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