The 2010 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ 27,670

      female: 26,503 (2010 est.)

      Military expenditures:

      2.39% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 64

      Transnational Issues ::Croatia

      Disputes - international:

      dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a European Union peripheral state, Slovenia imposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia in December 2007

      Refugees and internally displaced persons:

      IDPs: 2,900–7,000 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992–95 war) (2007)

      Illicit drugs:

      transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe (2008)

      page last updated on January 20, 2011

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      @Cuba (Central America and Caribbean)

      Introduction ::Cuba

      Background:

      The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from the US in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's Communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually. Cuba at times portrays the US embargo, in place since 1961, as the source if its difficulties. Illicit migration to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, air flights, or via the southwest border - is a continuing problem. The US Coast Guard intercepted 982 individuals attempting to cross the Straits of Florida in fiscal year 2009.

      Geography ::Cuba

      Location:

      Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic

       Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida

      Geographic coordinates:

      21 30 N, 80 00 W

      Map references:

      Central America and the Caribbean

      Area:

      total: 110,860 sq km country comparison to the world: 105 land: 109,820 sq km

      water: 1,040 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

      Land boundaries:

      total: 29 km

      border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km

      note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and remains part of Cuba

      Coastline:

      3,735 km

      Maritime claims:

      territorial sea: 12 nm

      contiguous zone: 24 nm

      exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

      Climate:

      tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)

      Terrain:

      mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

      highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

      Natural resources:

      cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land

      Land use:

      arable land: 27.63%

      permanent crops: 6.54%

      other: 65.83% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      8,700 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      38.1 cu km (2000)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 8.2 cu km/yr (19%/12%/69%)

      per capita: 728 cu m/yr (2000)

      Natural hazards:

      the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year); droughts are common

      Environment - current issues:

      air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

       Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

       Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

       Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

      signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

      Geography СКАЧАТЬ