The 2003 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the

       coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West

       Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may

       calve from ice shelf

      Environment - current issues:

       in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole

       was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;

       researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light coming

       through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish

       lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm

       one-celled antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant areas of

       ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming

      Geography - note:

       the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent;

       during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South

       Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly

       uninhabitable

      People Antarctica

      Population:

       no indigenous inhabitants, but there are seasonally staffed

       research stations

       note: approximately 27 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic

       Treaty, send personnel to perform seasonal (summer) and year-round

       research on the continent and in its surrounding oceans; the

       population of persons doing and supporting science on the continent

       and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the

       region covered by the Antarctic Treaty) varies from approximately

       4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000

       personnel including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard

       research are present in the waters of the treaty region; summer

       (January) population - 3,687 total; Argentina 302, Australia 201,

       Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16, Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11,

       France 100, Germany 51, India 60, Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea

       14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway 40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia

       254, South Africa 80, Spain 43, Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378

       (1998–99); winter (July) population - 964 total; Argentina 165,

       Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China 33, France 33, Germany 9,

       India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10, Poland 20, Russia 102,

       South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998–99); year-round stations - 42

       total; Argentina 6, Australia 4, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, Finland

       1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ

       1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 6, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Ukraine 1,

       UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1 (1998–99); summer-only stations - 32 total;

       Argentina 3, Australia 4, Bulgaria 1, Chile 7, Germany 1, India 1,

       Japan 3, NZ 1, Peru 1, Russia 3, Sweden 2, UK 5 (1998–99); in

       addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous

       occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary

       facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research (July 2003

       est.)

      Government Antarctica

      Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Antarctica

      Government type: Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. The 24th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Russia in July 2001. At the end of 2001, there were 45 treaty member nations: 27 consultative and 18 non-consultative. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 20 nonclaimant nations. The US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims. The US does not recognize the claims of others. Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations. Decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (within their areas) in accordance with their own national laws. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1983), Bulgaria (1998) China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), and the US. Non-consultative (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1995), Ukraine (1992), and Venezuela (1999). Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations. Other agreements - some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for Fauna and Flora (1964) which were later incorporated into the Environmental Protocol; Convention for СКАЧАТЬ