Beekeeping For Dummies. Howland Blackiston
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Название: Beekeeping For Dummies
Автор: Howland Blackiston
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: Биология
isbn: 9781119702597
isbn:
Other Stinging Insects
Many people are quick to say they’ve been “stung by a bee,” but the chances of a honey bee stinging them are rather slim. Honey bees usually are gentle in nature, and it is rare for an individual to be randomly stung by a honey bee. Honey bees sting as a defensive behavior; they are most likely to sting around the hive or when disturbed while foraging on a flower.
Other stinging insects, especially some of the wasps, are the more likely culprits to sting someone. Most folks, however, don’t make the distinction between honey bees and wasps. They incorrectly lump all insects with stingers into the “bee” category. True bees are unique in that their bodies are covered with hair, and they use pollen and nectar from plants as their sole source of food (they’re not the ones raiding your hamburger at a picnic — those are likely to be yellow-jacket wasps). Here are some of the most common stinging insects.
Bumblebee
The gentle bumble bee, sometimes called a humble bee (see Figure 2-15), is large, plump, mostly black and yellow, and hairy. It’s a familiar sight, buzzing loudly from flower to flower, collecting pollen and nectar. Bumblebees live in small ground nests, and all but newly reared next season queens die off every autumn. At the peak of summer, the colony is only a few hundred strong. Bumble bees make honey, but only small amounts (measured in ounces, not pounds). They are generally quite docile and not inclined to sting unless they or their nest is disturbed.
Courtesy of Dr. Edward Ross, California Academy of Sciences
FIGURE 2-15: The bumble bee is furry and plump.
Carpenter bee
The carpenter bee (see Figure 2-16) looks much like a bumble bee, but its habits are quite different. It is a solitary bee that makes its nest by tunneling through solid wood (sometimes the wooden eaves of a barn or shed). Like the honey bee, the carpenter bee forages for pollen. Its nest is small and produces only a few dozen offspring a season. Carpenter bees are gentle and are not likely to sting. But they can do some serious damage to the woodwork on your house.
Courtesy of Dr. Edward Ross, California Academy of Sciences
FIGURE 2-16: The carpenter bee looks similar to a bumblebee, but its abdomen has no hair.
Mason bee
A bit similar in appearance to honey bees, the mason bee is a very important contributor to effective pollination. Unlike honey bees or bumble bees, mason bees are solitary, meaning there is no queen bee, and every female is fertile, making her own nest. Mason bees produce neither honey nor beeswax. In the wild, they build their mud-sealed nests in natural tubes like reeds or holes in dead trees. There has been a considerable insurgence of interest in these lovely insects, and commercially manufactured nests are available to house mason bees for the pollination of gardens and orchards (see Figure 2-17). Although mason bees do have stingers, they are very gentle. Even if you do get stung, it is more like a mosquito bite than a painful bee, wasp, or hornet sting.
Wasp
Many different kinds of insects are called wasps. The more familiar of these are distinguished by their smooth, hard bodies (usually brown or black) and distinctive ultra-thin wasp waist (see Figure 2-18). Social wasps build exposed paper nests, which usually are rather small and contain only a handful of adults and brood. There are no food stores. These nests sometimes are located where we’d rather not have them (in a door frame or windowsill). The slightest disturbance can lead to defensive behavior and stings. Social wasps primarily are meat eaters, but adult wasps are attracted to sweets. Note that wasps and hornets have smooth stingers (no barbs) and can inflict their fury over and over again. Ouch!
Courtesy of www.crownbees.com
FIGURE 2-17: A commercially available mason-bee nest.
Courtesy of Dr. Edward Ross, California Academy of Sciences
FIGURE 2-18: The wasp is clearly identified by its smooth, hairless body and narrow wasp waist.
Yellow jacket
The yellow jacket also is a social wasp. Fierce and highly aggressive, it is likely responsible for most of the stings wrongly attributed to honey bees (see Figure 2-19). Yellow jackets are a familiar sight at summer picnics, where they scavenge for food and sugary drinks. Two basic kinds of yellow jackets exist: those that build their paper nests underground (which can create a problem when noisy lawn mowers or thundering feet pass overhead) and those that make their nests in trees. All in all, yellow jackets aren’t very friendly bugs.
Courtesy of Dr. Edward Ross, California Academy of Sciences
FIGURE 2-19: The ill-tempered yellow jacket is a meat eater but also has a taste for sweets.
Bald-faced hornet
Bald-faced hornets are not loveable creatures (see Figure 2-20). Nor are they true hornets. Typically found in the eastern United States, they are in fact aerial-nesting yellow jackets, building their nests above ground (in trees or bushes). They are highly defensive, have a painful sting, and are ruthless hunters and meat eaters. They do, however, build fantastically impressive and beautiful paper nests from their saliva and wood fiber they harvest from dead trees (see Figure 2-21). These nests can grow large during the summer and eventually reach the size of a basketball. Such nests can contain several thousand large, hot-tempered hornets — keep your distance! The end of the summer marks the end of the hornet city. When the cool weather approaches, the nest is abandoned, and only a newly raised queen survives. She finds a warm retreat underground and emerges in the spring, raising young and building a new nest.