Synthesis Gas. James G. Speight

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      57 Lee, S., Speight, J.G., and Loyalka, S. 2007. Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies. CRC-Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida.

      58 Lee, S., and Shah, Y.T. 2013. Biofuels and Bioenergy. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida.

      59 Liu, G., Larson, E.D., Williams, R.H., Kreutz, T.G., Guo, X. 2011. Making Fischer-Tropsch Fuels and Electricity from Coal and Biomass: Performance and Cost Analysis. Energy & Fuels, 25: 415-437.

      60 Lu, X., and Berge, N.D. 2014. Influence of Feedstock Chemical Composition on Product Formation and Characteristics Derived from the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Mixed Feedstocks. Bioresource Technology, 166: 120-131.

      61 Luque, R., and Speight, J.G. (Editors). 2015. Gasification for Synthetic Fuel Production: Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

      62 Lv, P.M., Xiong, Z.H., Chang, J., Wu, C.Z., Chen, Y., and Zhu, J.X. 2004. An Experimental Study on Biomass Air-Steam Gasification in a Fluidized Bed. Bioresource Technology, 95(1): 95-101.

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      66 Matsukata, M., Kikuchi, E., and Morita, Y. 1992. A New Classification of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Catalysts for Gasification of Carbon. Fuel. 71: 819-823.

      67 McKee, D.W. 1981. The Catalyzed Gasification Reactions of Carbon. The Chemistry and Physics of Carbon. P.L. Walker, Jr. and P.A. Thrower (Editors). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York). Volume 16. Page 1.

      68 McKendry, P. 2002. Energy Production from Biomass Part 3: Gasification Technologies. Bioresource Technology, 83(1): 55-63.

      69 McLendon T.R., Lui A.P., Pineault R.L., Beer S.K., and Richardson S.W. 2004. High-Pressure Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass in a Fluidized Bed. Biomass and Bioenergy, 26(4): 377-388.

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      71 Mokhatab, S., Poe, W.A., and Speight, J.G. 2006. Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

      72 Murthy, B.N., Sawarkar, A.N., Deshmukh, N.A., Mathew, T., and Joshi, J.B. 2013. Petroleum Coke Gasification: A Review. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, (923): 441-468.

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      75 Pakdel, H., and Roy, C. 1991. Hydrocarbon Content of Liquid Products and Tar from Pyrolysis and Gasification of Wood. Energy & Fuels, 5: 427-436.

      76 Pan, Y.G., Velo, E., Roca, X., Manyà, J.J., and Puigjaner, L. 2000. Fluidized-Bed Cogasification of Residual Biomass/Poor Coal Blends for Fuel Gas Production. Fuel, 79: 1317-1326.

      77 Penrose, C.F., Wallace, P.S., Kasbaum, J.L., Anderson, M.K., and Preston, W.E. 1999. Enhancing Refinery Profitability by Gasification, Hydroprocessing and Power Generation. Proceedings. Gasification Technologies Conference San Francisco, California. October.

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      80 Ramroop Singh, N. 2011. Biofuel. In: The Biofuels Handbook. J.G. Speight (Editor). Royal Society of Chemistry, London, United Kingdom. Part 1, Chapter 5.

      81 Rapagnà, N.J., and Latif, A. 1997. Steam Gasification of Almond Shells in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: The Influence of Temperature and Particle Size on Product Yield and Distribution. Biomass and Bioenergy, 12(4): 281-288.

      82 Rapagnà, N.J., and, A. Kiennemann, A., and Foscolo, P.U. 2000. Steam-Gasification of Biomass in a Fluidized-Bed of Olivine Particles. Biomass and Bioenergy, 19(3): 187-197.

      83 Ricketts, B., Hotchkiss, R., Livingston, W., and Hall, M. 2002. Technology Status Review of Waste/ Biomass Co-Gasification with Coal. Proceedings. Inst. Chem. Eng. Fifth European Gasification Conference. Noordwijk, Netherlands. April 8-10.

      84 Sha, X. 2005. Coal Gasification. In: Coal, Oil Shale, Natural Bitumen, Heavy Oil and Peat. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK, [http://www.eolss.net].

      85 Shen, C-H., Chen, W-H., Hsu, H-W., Sheu, J-Y., and Hsieh, T-H. 2012. Co-Gasification Performance of Coal and Petroleum Coke Blends in A Pilot-Scale Pressurized Entrained-Flow Gasifier. Int. J. Energy Res., 36: 499-508.

      86 Shi, J., Thompson, V.S., Yancey, N.A. Stavila, V., Simmons, B.A., and Singh, S. 2013. Impact of Mixed Feedstocks and Feedstock Densification on Ionic Liquid Pretreatment Efficiency. Biofuels, 4(1): 63-72.

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      88 Silaen, A., and Wang, T. 2008. Effects of Turbulence and Devolatilization Models on Gasification Simulation. Proceedings. 25th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. September 29-October 2.

      89 Sjöström, K., Chen, G., Yu, Q., Brage, C., and Rosén, C. 1999. Promoted Reactivity of Char in Cogasification of Biomass and Coal: Synergies in the Thermochemical Process. Fuel, 78: 1189-1194.

      90 Sondreal, E.A., Benson, S. A., Pavlish, J. H., and Ralston, N.V.C. 2004. An Overview of Air Quality III: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter. Fuel Processing Technology. 85: 425-440.

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      92 Speight, J.G. 1990. In: Fuel Science and Technology Handbook. J.G. Speight (Editor). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. Chapter 33.

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