The Philosopher's Toolkit. Julian Baggini

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      1  Cover

      2  Acknowledgements

      3  Alphabetical Table of Contents

      4  Preface

      5  1 Basic Tools for Argument 1.1 Arguments, premises, and conclusions 1.2 Deduction 1.3 Induction 1.4 Validity and soundness 1.5 Invalidity 1.6 Consistency 1.7 Fallacies 1.8 Refutation 1.9 Axioms 1.10 Definitions 1.11 Certainty and probability 1.12 Tautologies, self‐contradictions, and the law of non‐contradiction

      6  2 More Advanced Tools 2.1 Abduction 2.2 Hypothetico‐deductive method 2.3 Dialectic 2.4 Analogies 2.5 Anomalies and exceptions that prove the rule 2.6 Intuition pumps 2.7 Logical constructions 2.8 Performativity and speech acts 2.9 Reduction 2.10 Representation 2.11 Thought experiments 2.12 Useful fictions

      7  3 Tools for Assessment 3.1 Affirming, denying, and conditionals 3.2 Alternative explanations 3.3 Ambiguity and vagueness 3.4 Bivalence and the excluded middle 3.5 Category mistakes 3.6 Ceteris paribus 3.7 Circularity 3.8 Composition and division 3.9 Conceptual incoherence 3.10 Contradiction/contrariety 3.11 Conversion, contraposition, obversion 3.12 Counterexamples 3.13 Criteria 3.14 Doxa/para‐doxa 3.15 Error theory 3.16 False dichotomy 3.17 False cause 3.18 Genetic fallacy 3.19 Horned dilemmas 3.20 Is/ought gap 3.21 Masked man fallacy 3.22 Partners in guilt 3.23 Principle of charity 3.24 Question‐begging 3.25 Reductios 3.26 Redundancy 3.27 Regresses 3.28 Saving the phenomena 3.29 Self‐defeating arguments 3.30 Sufficient reason 3.31 Testability

      8  4 Tools for Conceptual Distinctions 4.1 A priori/a posteriori 4.2 Absolute/relative 4.3 Analytic/synthetic 4.4 Belief/knowledge 4.5 Categorical/modal 4.6 Cause/reason 4.7 Conditional/biconditional 4.8 De re/de dicto 4.9 Defeasible/indefeasible 4.10 Entailment/implication 4.11 Endurantism/perdurantism СКАЧАТЬ