What's in a Version?. Henry E Neufeld

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СКАЧАТЬ other people’s books, so the Bible writers used material that others had written.

Something Extra: This is as good a time as any to being comparing translations. The text above, taken from the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) reads: 16  All scripture is inspired by God and is  useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, 17 so that everyone who belongs to God may be proficient, equipped for every good work. – 2 Timothy 3:16 In the first phrase we have “is God’s Word” in the CEV but “inspired by God” in the second. Even more literal in this case (though the NIV is normally less literal or formal than the NRSV) is the NIV’s “God-breathed.” The question is what will the reader understand by what is written? Church people are used to the term “inspired” even though they may disagree on the precise meaning. For many, it will be easier to understand something “being God’s Word” than either inspired or “God-breathed.” Since we don’t usually speak of words being “breathed” some people may find it difficult to understand what it means. This shows some of the differences between a dynamic equivalence version (the CEV) and a formal equivalence version (the NRSV).

      Some examples include 2 Kings 11:41 where we are told that the rest of Solomon’s acts are written in the “Book of the Acts of Solomon” suggesting that the book of Kings includes a limited amount of information taken from that source, and providing us with a reference. There are a many, many instances of such references, especially in the books of Samuel and Kings. The book of Proverbs also refers explicitly to collections.

      But in the ancient world footnoting and bibliographies were not common practice and authors could use sources with or without indicating that they were used. Most scholars believe that the synoptic gospels use one another and certain other sources in creating their text.

For further study: The following pamphlets are available from Energion Publications: Understanding the Search for the Historical Jesus What is Biblical Criticism? What is Form Criticism? What is Redaction Criticism?

      Scholars refer to the form of a book as we find it in the Bible as its canonical form. We refer to the methods used to study the history of how the books were written and collected as the methodologies of Biblical criticism. They are often called “higher criticism.”

AD – Anno domini, or “the year of our Lord.” In interfaith contexts CE, for common era is commonly used. This refers to the years after the birth of Jesus, though that date is not precisely know. BC – before Christ. Now generally replace by BCE in interfaith contexts. BCE – before the common era, used in interfaith contexts. Same as BC. CE – common era, also AD. I use CE and BCE in this book.

      Once a book of the Bible attained its final form, it was copied by hand. In modern times we use those copies to try to determine as best as we can what the precise original text of a passage actually was.

      It was very difficult work to produce copies of the Biblical text. Sometimes a copyist would simply copy a manuscript by hand, reading one and writing the other. Sometimes one person would read a manuscript slowly, while a number of others wrote down what he read.

      In addition, there were early translations. When the Jews returned from exile in Babylon, late in the sixth century BCE, most of them no longer spoke Hebrew. Aramaic was the lingua franca of the eastern world. Over time, translations were made of the Biblical books into Aramaic. Later, starting in the fourth century BCE, translations were made into Greek, then into Latin. In each case, once a translation was made, it was copied by hand, and again we have the manuscripts.

      In modern times there have been numerous translations. Our problem has changed from one of having difficulty getting a copy of the Bible to choosing the right one of very many translations. Modern printing methods ensure that most Bibles will be accurate reflections of their originals.

       Key Dates in the History of the English Bible

Bible	Approximate Date
Wycliffe	Late 14th Century
Tyndale	1525
Erasmus and the Greek New Testament	1516
Coverdale	1537
Great Bible	1537
Geneva Bible	1550
Bishop’s Bible	1568
King James Version	1611
Westcott and Hort Text	1881
English Revised Version	1885
American Standard Version	1901
Revised Standard Version	1952 (Whole Bible)
New American Standard Bible	1975
New International Version	1973 (NT), 1978 (Whole Bible)

      For more information on the history of English Bible translations see:

      Bruce, F. F. History of the English Bible

      The Cambridge History of the English Bible

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