The Slim Book of Health Pearls: Challenging Diagnoses. Sheldon Cohen

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      THE SLIM BOOK OF HEALTH PEARLS

      CHALLENGING

      DIAGNOSES

      Sheldon Cohen M.D. FACP

      Copyright 2013 Sheldon Cohen,

      All rights reserved.

      Published in eBook format by eBookIt.com

       http://www.eBookIt.com

      ISBN-13: 978-1-4566-1551-2

      No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

      A graduate of the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Sheldon Cohen has practiced internal medicine, served as a medical director of the Alexian Brother’s Medical Center in Northwest Suburban Chicago, and served as the medical director of two managed care organizations: Cigna Health plan of Illinois and Humanicare Plus of Illinois. The author taught internal medicine and physical diagnosis to medical students from Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine and the Chicago Medical School. Recognizing the fact that busy physicians are pressed for time and thus often fail to capture a thorough medical history, the author perfected one of the first computerized medical history systems for private practice and wrote a paper on his experience with 1500 patients who utilized the system. This was one of the early efforts in promoting electronic health records, a work in progress to this day. Serving as a consultant for Joint Commission Resources of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, the author did quality consultations at hospitals in the United States, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Copenhagen, Denmark, and served as a consultant to the Ministry of Health in Ukraine, assisting them in the development of a hospital accrediting body. The author lectures to lay audiences on Risk Factor Analysis, Early Detection and Prevention, Symptoms Never to Ignore, The Prevention of Medical Errors, How to Take Charge of Your Own Healthcare, Hormones Nerves and stress, and other topics of a medical nature.

      Dr. Cohen is the author of twenty books.

      Dedicated to

      Betty

      Gail and Paul

      XO

      ALSO BY SHELDON COHEN

       COHENEBOOKS.COM

      A Jewish Journey

      A Jewish Story

      The Twins

      Brainstorm

      Holy Warrior Trojan Horses

      Revenge

      Bad Blood

      The Monster Within

      The History of Physics from 2000BCE to 1945

      World War IV: Militant Islam’s Struggle for World Control

      Grandpa’s Story-Poems and Grandkids Illustrate It Yourself Book

      The Coming Healthcare Revolution: Take Control of Your Health

      The Making of a Physician

      The Slim Book of health Pearls Series:

      Am I at Risk? The patient’s Guide to Health Risk Factors

      Hormones, Nerves and Stress

      Man the Barricades: The Story of the Immune System

      Symptoms Never to Ignore

      The Complete Medical Examination

      The Prevention of Medical Errors

      The Perfect Prescription (with Megan Godwin)

      PROLOGUE

      Incorrect, delayed, or missed diagnoses have plagued physicians since the beginning of time. The result may be significant patient harm and medical resources wasted as the majority of all primary care physicians surveyed report that an average of five percent of their patients come under the category of “difficult to diagnose.” The more the experience of the physician, the less the diagnostic difficulty reported. As many as 20 percent of physicians report that inadequate knowledge was the main cognitive factor involved in failing to diagnose. Other factors include insufficient time to adequately reflect on diagnostically difficult patients, and inadequate time to acquire a careful medical history and perform a thorough physical examination; a situation which will only worsen as the primary care physician shortage is about to be compounded by an influx of patients due to the new Patient Protection and the Affordable Care Act, a bill signed into law to reform the countries healthcare (Obamacare).

      This compounding of factors makes it more important than ever for patients to take the time to understand their own symptoms, assist in the zeroing in process of the diagnostic evaluation and collaborate fully with their physician in the sometime twists and turns leading to a final diagnosis. This intense exercise by both physician and patient alike will result in several different outcomes depending upon the complexity of the case:

      •A correct diagnosis is established

      •A single diagnosis is not established, but a differential diagnosis is. This is a number of plausible possibilities that each, in turn, require investigation to rule out or rule in

      •An incorrect diagnosis has been established (misdiagnosis)

      •No diagnosis has been made…no clue

      •There is more than one diagnosis

      So, as a prospective patient—and we all are at one time or another—it becomes more important than ever to be an assertive and collaborative patient, working in concert with the physician to arrive at, or on occasion, not arrive at a definite diagnosis.

      Once this point has been reached, you as a patient are not finished. What the physician has done is carefully—you hope, made a list of all the diagnostic possibilities and ruled them out one by one until the final diagnosis is established. You need to be in on this process throughout, and when it has reached completion, or even during the process, you need to be constantly asking, “What else do we have to think about?” It is important that you have played a part in the process of elimination by being completely true with your medical facts, because incomplete or false statements can lead your physician down the wrong path, and ultimately lead to a wrong diagnosis.

      This book will discuss illnesses difficult to diagnose. First among this category are autoimmune diseases, unrecognized as a medical entity until about sixty years ago. To better understand an autoimmune disease, it is essential to understand the concept of immunity, a subject for discussion now.

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