Testaments. Danuta Mostwin

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СКАЧАТЬ telling their often poignant stories until death silenced their lips forever. But these elderly immigrants lived lives of hope and hurt, joy and sorrow, aspiration and resignation, lives worth remembering and recording. In Testaments: Two Novellas of Emigration and Exile, Danuta Mostwin recovers two such bittersweet stories of yesterday’s disappointments and tomorrow’s dreams.

      Herself a World War II–era émigré, Danuta Mostwin is both an accomplished scholar and a well-published novelist whose fiction hitherto has remained untranslated, known almost exclusively to Polish-language readers in the United States and in her native Poland. The English translations of the two novellas presented here, Jocasta and The Last Will of Blaise Twardowski, represent the first complete works made accessible to the English-speaking public. Those who venture within the covers of this slim volume will be both touched and taught. Readers never again will see the old immigrant man or the elderly émigré woman the same way they may have seen them—or just looked past them—before encountering the memorable characters in Danuta Mostwin’s two stories. Scholars, students, and general readers will find themselves changed by this book.

      Testaments: Two Novellas of Emigration and Exile is the sixth volume in the Ohio University Press Polish and Polish-American Studies Series. The series revisits the historical and contemporary experience of one of America’s largest European ethnic groups and the history of a European homeland that has played a disproportionately important role in twentieth-century and contemporary world affairs. The series aims to publish innovative monographs and more general works that investigate under- or unexplored topics or themes that offer new, critical, revisionist, or comparative perspectives in the area of Polish and Polish-American studies. Interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary in profile, the series seeks manuscripts on Polish immigration and ethnic communities, the country of origin, and its various peoples in history, anthropology, cultural studies, political economy, current politics, and related fields.

      Publication of the Ohio University Press Polish and Polish-American Studies Series marks a milestone in the maturation of the Polish studies field and stands as a fitting tribute to the scholars and organizations whose efforts have brought it to fruition. Supported by a series advisory board of accomplished Polonists and Polish-Americanists, the Polish and Polish-American Studies Series has been made possible through generous financial assistance from the Polish American Historical Association, the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, the Stanislaus A. Blejwas Endowed Chair in Polish and Polish American Studies at Central Connecticut State University, Madonna University, and the Piast Institute and through institutional support from Wayne State University and Ohio University Press. Among the individuals who have helped bring this work into print, our special thanks go to Professor John Kromkowski of the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., who, unsolicited, first brought the translations of Danuta Mostwin’s work to our attention, and to Professor Joanna Rostropowicz Clark and Professor Thomas J. Napierkowski, who lent the project their expertise by writing, respectively, an introduction and an afterword for the book. The series meanwhile has benefited from the warm encouragement of a number of other persons, including Gillian Berchowitz, M. B. B. Biskupski, the late Stanislaus A. Blejwas, Mary Erdmans, Thaddeus Gromada, Sister Rose Marie Kujawa, CSSF, James S. Pula, Thaddeus Radzilowski, and David Sanders. The moral and material support from all of these institutions and individuals is gratefully acknowledged.

       John J. Bukowczyk

      Guide to Pronunciation

      THE FOLLOWING KEY provides a guide to the pronunciation of Polish words and names.

      a is pronounced as in father

      c as ts in cats

      ch like a guttural h

      cz as hard ch in church

      g always hard, as in get

      i as ee

      j as y in yellow

      rz like French j in jardin

      sz as sh in ship

      szcz as shch, enunciating both sounds, as in fresh cheese

      u as oo in boot

      w as v

      ć as soft ch

      ś as sh

      ż, ź both as zh, the latter higher in pitch than the former

      ó as oo in boot

      ą as French on

      ę as French en

      ł as w

      ń changes the combinations -in to -ine, -en to -ene, and -on to -oyne

      The accent in Polish words always falls on the penultimate syllable.

      INTRODUCTION

      Danuta Mostwin’s Puzzles of Identity

      “EXILE IS IN FASHION,” writes Ian Buruma, himself an exile from several countries and cultures, in his essay “The Romance of Exile.” “Today,” he goes on to quote the Polish-Jewish writer Eva Hoffman, “‘at least within the framework of postmodern theory, we have come to value exactly those qualities of experience that exile demands—uncertainty, displacement, the fragmented identity. Within this conceptual framework, exile becomes, well, sexy, glamorous, interesting.’”¹ And, of course, an exile is an ultimate other, but in ways more complex and, for the majority of exiles and emigrants, far less glamorous than their image in postmodern theories.

      To begin with, few exiles today are called by this romantic name. They are much more likely to fall into the crowded category of “refugees” and soon thereafter to merge into the even less significant mass of “immigrants.” Even now, despite enormous progress in the Western democracies toward cultural open-mindedness, some exiles are more acceptable—and more fashionable—than others. After World War II, refugees from Poland came to the United States with at least somewhat justified expectations of an appreciative welcome, if only because they had fought the Nazis for the longest period of time and on all fronts. If not glamorous, they were certainly—most of them—heroic. Yet they came to a world whose knowledge of what they had done and experienced was very limited. The Americans knew next to nothing about the near extermination of European Jewish communities (the term “Holocaust” did not appear until the late 1950s), and they had but a vague notion of the horrors that had been inflicted on Poland by both her totalitarian neighbors, Nazi Germany and the communist Soviet Union. Few had heard about the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 or the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, and practically no information existed in the West about Soviet wartime crimes against non-Russian populations in the occupied territories stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea. When such information did emerge—as in the case of the Katyń Forest Massacre, in which fourteen thousand Polish military officers were executed—it was vigorously suppressed for reasons of realpolitik and pro-Russian sentiment: the Soviet Union was then, if only for a short time, a deservedly celebrated ally.

      In his speech accepting the 1980 Nobel Prize for Literature, Czesław Miłosz said that “those who come from the ‘other Europe,’ wherever they find themselves, notice to what extent their experience isolates them from their new milieu—and this may become the source of a new obsession.” The effects of this isolation on the majority of post–World War II Polish (and not only Polish) émigré writers were quite predictable: severe depression, suicide, СКАЧАТЬ