The 4-H Harvest. Gabriel N. Rosenberg

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СКАЧАТЬ overcome the prejudice thus established,” pointed out one Wisconsin club leader. As nationalist sentiments began to recede and the extension service laid off its temporary agents, club enrollments sank to prewar levels. The war brought an enormous expansion of club enrollments but had left the program badly overextended, even as the deteriorating agricultural situation demanded, more than ever, a vigorous and efficient club network.¹⁹

      Extension officials in Washington and club workers in the states argued that the club network needed structural improvement and that individual club workers needed better training. After a conference on club standardization in 1918, the USDA circulated a definition of a “standard” club to bring clubs in line with its educational philosophy. A “standard” club required a minimum of five members “working on the same project” under the charge of an adult leader. Each club would elect a set of officers from its members, and the clubs would follow a program of work over the course of the year. If the club achieved that basic standard, the USDA issued it an official charter. Clubs might also acquire a “seal of achievement” if they met an even more rigorous standard. To acquire the seal, clubs needed to hold a minimum of six meetings, to publicly exhibit project results, and to organize a team to give “public demonstrations” of the club’s production methods. The club needed to secure a project completion rate of 60 percent from its membership, to file a concluding report with the extension service of its activities, to organize “a judging team” for fair competitions, to host “an achievement day program,” and to integrate its members “in the farm bureau or other county extension organization.”²⁰ The USDA circulated material that defined the standard components and practices involved in club work.²¹ In addition to this uniform structure, the more rigorous training of leaders established a standard procedure, or club “cycle,” as O. H. Benson put it.²²

      The USDA insisted that the clubs be organized according to “democratic” principles that emphasized the clubs’ voluntary nature and their deliberative structure. Farm youth joined individual clubs organized on a community-by-community basis by state club specialists, county extension agents, or, in counties that employed one, a club agent. The organization of a club began early in the year, with an enrollment campaign by county agents. Once a base level of enrollments had been achieved, club members elected officers—usually a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, and historian—who were charged with running individual meetings and keeping collective records (individual club members were responsible for keeping personal project records). The club elected the voluntary adult leader, a responsible adult who attended meetings, regularly checked in with the county agent, distributed material provided by the CES to club members, planned and chaperoned club social events, and regularly made home visits to check the progress of projects. “A carefully planned system of follow-up work contemplates a visit from a leader not less than once a month, [and] a brief letter, giving timely advice should be sent by the local leader to each member,” Benson explained.²³ In the first decade of club work, teachers constituted a large portion of club leaders. By 1925, fewer than a quarter of club leaders were teachers, as farmers, bankers, merchants, and homemakers replaced them.²⁴

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