Peace and Freedom. Simon Hall
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Название: Peace and Freedom

Автор: Simon Hall

Издательство: Ingram

Жанр: Историческая литература

Серия: Politics and Culture in Modern America

isbn: 9780812202137

isbn:

СКАЧАТЬ

      

       Peace and Freedom

      POLITICS AND CULTURE IN MODERN AMERICA

      Series Editors: Michael Kazin, Glenda Gilmore, Thomas J. Sugrue

      Books in the series narrate and analyze political and social change in the broadest dimensions from 1865 to the present, including ideas about the ways people have sought and wielded power in the public sphere and the language and institutions of politics at all levels—national, regional, and local. The series is motivated by a desire to reverse the fragmentation of modern U.S. history and to encourage synthetic perspectives on social movements and the state, on gender, race, and labor, on consumption, and on intellectual history and popular culture.

       Peace and Freedom

      The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s

      SIMON HALL

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      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia

      Copyright © 2005 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      First paperback edition 2006

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104–4112

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Hall, Simon, 1976–

      Peace and freedom : the civil rights and antiwar movements in the 1960s / Simon Hall.

      p. cm. (Politics and culture in modern America)

      ISBN-13: 978-0-8122-1975-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      ISBN-10: 0-8122-1975-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

      1. African Americans—Civil rights—History—20th century. 2. Civil rights movements—United States—History—20th century. 3. African Americans—Politics and government—20th century. 4. Vietnamese Conflict, 1961–1975—Protest movements. 5. Peace movements—United States—History—20th century. 6. United States—Race relations. 7. United States—Social conditions—1960–1980. 8. United States—Politics and government—1963–1969. I. Title. II. Series

      E185.615 .H274 2004

959.704′3′8996073—dc22 2004055478

       For Olive, a friend and mentor

      Contents

       Introduction

       1. The Organizing Tradition

       2. Black Power

       3. Black Moderates

       4. Racial Tensions

       5. Radicalism and Respectability

       6. New Coalitions, Old Problems

       Conclusion

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      Introduction

      In February 1966, world heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali was in Miami, training for his title defense against Ernie “the Octopus” Terrell. One afternoon a television reporter sought Ali’s reaction to the news that the Louisville Draft Board had upgraded his draft status from 1-Y to 1-A, thereby making him eligible for immediate induction into the United States Army. Ali’s retort, “I ain’t got no quarrel with the Viet Cong,” helped define an era. Fourteen months later Ali refused induction, explaining “I am not going ten thousand miles from here to help murder and kill and burn another poor people simply to help continue the domination of white America.”1 Ali’s response to the war in Vietnam seemed to many to epitomize a new militancy within Black America. The October 1966 platform of the Black Panther Party demanded that all African Americans be exempted from military service—“Black people should not be forced to fight … to defend a racist government that does not protect us.” The Panthers refused to “fight and kill other people of color who, like black people, are being victimized by the white racist government in America.”2 Stokely Carmichael and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) attacked the war too. Speaking at one antiwar march, Carmichael defined the draft as “white people sending black people to make war on yellow people to defend land they stole from red people.”3

      It was not just black militants who were critical of America’s actions in Vietnam. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the nation’s most important and most respected civil rights leader, also condemned the war in the strongest possible way. In the spring of 1967, King bitterly denounced the “madness of Vietnam” and called on his government to take the initiative in halting the conflict.4 Indeed, by the time that the Paris Peace Accords were signed in January 1973, every major civil rights leader had spoken out against the war.

      The years between 1960 and 1972 saw the emergence of two of the most significant social movements in American history—the African American freedom struggle and the movement to end the war in Vietnam. This book sets out to offer a detailed analysis of the relationship between them, by exploring two key themes.

      First, the response of the various civil rights groups to the war is documented and explained. Although a large number of civil rights groups opposed the war early on—including SNCC, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and Martin Luther King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the civil rights movement was far from united in its reaction. Important organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Urban League did not initially support civil rights groups speaking out against the war and did not adopt antiwar positions СКАЧАТЬ