Essential Mandarin Chinese Phrasebook & Dictionary. Catherine Dai

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      • The addition of guo 过 = “passed” after the verb indicates that the action occurred at an unspecified time in the past:

      Wǒ chī guo jiǎozi.

      I ate (passed) dumplings

      = “I’ve eaten dumplings already.”

      • The use of le 了 = “completed” after the verb indicates actions that were just completed:

      Wǒ chī le jiǎozi.

      I ate (completed) dumplings

      = “I’ve just eaten dumplings.”

      • The addition of yào 要 = “want” or huì 会 = “will/shall” before the verb indicates a future action:

      Wǒ yào chī jiǎozi.

      I want eat dumplings

      = “I’m going to eat the dumplings.”

      Wǒ huì chī nàxiē jiǎozi.

      I will eat those dumplings

      = “I’ll be eating those dumplings.”

      9 Adjectives

      Adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify, sometimes with the possessive word de 的 added in between. For example,

xiǎo xióngmāo	“a small panda”
zāng yīfu	“dirty clothes”
hǎo péngyou	“good friends”
měilì de fēngjǐng	“beautiful scenery”
míngguì de lǐwù	“expensive gift”
tǎoyàn de wénzi	“annoying mosquitoes”

      10 Adverbs

      Adverbs are usually placed before the words they modify. Common examples are: hěn 很 “very”, yě 也 “also”, bǐjiào 比较 “comparatively, relatively”, jiù 就 “then”, zǒng 总 “always”. For example,

      Chángchéng hěn cháng.

      Great Wall very long

      = “The Great Wall is very long.”

      Wǒ yě xiǎng qù Shànghǎi.

      I also want go Shanghai

      = “I want to go to Shanghai too.”

      Shànghǎi xiàtiān bǐjiào rè.

      Shanghai summer rather hot

      = “Shanghai is rather hot in summer.”

      Nǐ xiān zǒu, wǒ mǎshàng jiù lái

      You first go, I immediately then come

      = “Go first, I’ll join you very soon.”

      Wǔyuè de shíhou, zhè lǐ zǒng xiàyǔ.

      May (month) (possessive) time this place always rains

      = “In May, it always rains here.”

11 Negatives

      There are two common words used to express the negative in Chinese: bù 不 and méi 没. The most often used one is bù 不 = “not”. The word méi 没 is used express actions not completed as in 没有 měiyǒu = “do not have”, “did not”.

      Fàncài bù hǎo chī.

      Food not good eat

      = “The food is not good.”

      Wǒ bù qù le.

      I not go anymore

      = “I am not going anymore.”

      Tā bù zài zhèr.

      He not at here

      = “He’s not here.”

      Wǒ zhǎo bù dào zhège dìzhǐ.

      I find cannot this address

      = “I cannot find this address.”

      12 Questions

      There are three ways to ask a question in Chinese. The easiest way is to add the word ma 吗 at the end of the sentence. This word functions like a question mark.

      Nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma?

      You can speak English (question marker)

      = “Can you speak English?”

      Nǐ shì Bǐdé ma?

      You are Peter (question marker)

      =“Are you Peter?”

      The second way is to use the yes/no verbal construction which presents two opposing alternatives.

      Nǐ huì bu huì shuō Yīngyǔ?

      You can not can speak English

      = “Can you speak English?”

      Nǐ shì bu shì Bǐdé?

      You are not are Peter

      = “Are you Peter?”

      The third way is to use a question word like shéi “who”, shénme “what”, nǎli/nǎr “where”, wèishénme “why”, jǐ “how many”, nǎ “which” and zěnme “how”. Here are some examples of questions you can ask.

      1. Nǐ shì shéi/shuí?

       You are who

       = “Who are you?”

      2. Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?

       You called what name

       = “What’s your name?”

      3. Nǐ zěnme qù jīcháng?

       You how go airport

       = “How are you going to the airport?”

      4. Nǐ cóng nar lái?

       You from where come

       = “Where are you from?”

      5. Nǐ péngyǒu zài СКАЧАТЬ