Up from Slavery. Booker T. Washington

Чтение книги онлайн.

       About Booker T. Washington:

      Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community.

      Washington was from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants. They were newly oppressed in the South by disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post-Reconstruction Southern states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

      Washington was a key proponent of African-American businesses and one of the founders of the National Negro Business League. His base was the Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Alabama. As lynchings in the South reached a peak in 1895, Washington gave a speech, known as the "Atlanta compromise", which brought him national fame. He called for black progress through education and entrepreneurship, rather than trying to challenge directly the Jim Crow segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters in the South. Washington mobilized a nationwide coalition of middle-class blacks, church leaders, and white philanthropists and politicians, with a long-term goal of building the community's economic strength and pride by a focus on self-help and schooling. But, secretly, he also supported court challenges to segregation and restrictions on voter registration, passing on funds to the NAACP for this purpose. Black militants in the North, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, at first supported the Atlanta compromise but after 1909, they set up the NAACP to work for political change. They tried with limited success to challenge Washington's political machine for leadership in the black community but also built wider networks among white allies in the North. Decades after Washington's death in 1915, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s took a more active and militant approach, which was also based on new grassroots organizations based in the South, such as CORE, SNCC and SCLC.

      Booker T. Washington mastered the nuances of the political arena in the late 19th century, which enabled him to manipulate the media, raise money, develop strategy, network, push, reward friends, and distribute funds, while punishing those who opposed his plans for uplifting blacks. His long-term goal was to end the disenfranchisement of the vast majority of African Americans, who then still lived in the South.

      Source: Wikipedia

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

       Preface

       Introduction

       UP FROM SLAVERY

       Chapter I. A Slave Among Slaves

       Chapter II. Boyhood Days

       Chapter III. The Struggle For An Education

       Chapter IV. Helping Others

       Chapter V. The Reconstruction Period

       Chapter VI. Black Race And Red Race

       Chapter VII. Early Days At Tuskegee

       Chapter VIII. Teaching School In A Stable And A Hen-House

       Chapter IX. Anxious Days And Sleepless Nights

       Chapter X. A Harder Task Than Making Bricks Without Straw

       Chapter XI. Making Their Beds Before They Could Lie On Them

       Chapter XII. Raising Money

       Chapter XIII. Two Thousand Miles For A Five-Minute Speech

       Chapter XIV. The Atlanta Exposition Address

       Chapter XV. The Secret Of Success In Public Speaking

       Chapter XVI. Europe

       Chapter XVII. Last Words