Beginning Programming All-in-One For Dummies. Wallace Wang

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      17 Book 3 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: Stacks store the oldest data on the bottom and the newest data on t...FIGURE 4-2: When you add data to a stack, the oldest data keeps getting pushed ...FIGURE 4-3: The Peek command retrieves data, but the Pop command retrieves and ...FIGURE 4-4: The Undo command offered in most programs can be easily implemented...FIGURE 4-5: The queue data structure mimics a line of people.FIGURE 4-6: The oldest data appears at the front while the newest data appears ...FIGURE 4-7: The Peek command retrieves data, but the Dequeue command retrieves ...FIGURE 4-8: A deque acts like a two-way queue.FIGURE 4-9: Each node in a deque contains two pointers that point to the next a...FIGURE 4-10: Two ways to implement a deque as a linked list.FIGURE 4-11: A deque can grow in two different directions.FIGURE 4-12: A deque could be used by an antivirus program to scan messages.

      18 Book 3 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: Modeling a map of different cities.FIGURE 5-2: A graph data structure can model the mapping problem better than an...FIGURE 5-3: The three types of graphs.FIGURE 5-4: The Seven Bridges of Königsberg represented as a graph.FIGURE 5-5: A tree is a hierarchical graph.FIGURE 5-6: A tree consists of one root node and multiple leaf and internal nod...FIGURE 5-7: A tree can organize names alphabetically by last name.FIGURE 5-8: An ordered binary tree stores and sorts data by value.FIGURE 5-9: An ordinary tree is more difficult to search than an ordered binary...FIGURE 5-10: In a B-tree, all leaf nodes appear at the same level.FIGURE 5-11: The four different ways to traverse a tree.FIGURE 5-12: Inserting new data in an ordered binary tree.FIGURE 5-13: After deleting data from a tree, you may need to rearrange the rem...FIGURE 5-14: Pruning a tree removes two or more nodes from a tree.FIGURE 5-15: Grafting a sub-tree can require rearranging the entire modified tr...FIGURE 5-16: A tree can help a computer plan its next move.

      19 Book 4 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: A bubble sort repetitively compares two adjacent items.FIGURE 1-2: The bubble sort algorithm examines the entire list of data several ...FIGURE 1-3: Selection sort repetitively moves the smallest value to the front o...FIGURE 1-4: Insertion sort only examines a list once to sort it.FIGURE 1-5: Shell sort performs multiple insertion sorts on parts of a long lis...FIGURE 1-6: Valid and invalid heap binary trees.FIGURE 1-7: Heap sort uses a tree data structure to sort and store items tempor...FIGURE 1-8: An array can mimic a heap data structure.FIGURE 1-9: Manipulating data in an array that mimics a heap.FIGURE 1-10: Merge sort breaks a long list into several smaller lists and then ...FIGURE 1-11: Quick sort repetitively divides a large list into two smaller list...

      20 Book 4 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: The speed of sequential search depends directly on the size of the ...FIGURE 2-2: Sequential search can be made faster by searching from either the f...FIGURE 2-3: Block searching can speed up a sequential search on sorted data.FIGURE 2-4: Binary searching divides a list in half until it eventually finds i...FIGURE 2-5: Interpolation searching tries to jump straight to the approximate l...FIGURE 2-6: Fibonacci numbers divide and search a list more efficiently than a ...FIGURE 2-7: Comparison of hash tables and indexes.FIGURE 2-8: Clustered indexes physically rearrange data, whereas unclustered in...FIGURE 2-9: A tree can analyze the best possible move.FIGURE 2-10: Assigning values to possible moves helps the computer evaluate the...

      21 Book 4 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Sequential search examines every character.FIGURE 3-2: The Boyer–Moore algorithm skips over partially matched characters.FIGURE 3-3: The Rabin–Karp algorithm searches for hash values.FIGURE 3-4: The Shift Or algorithm creates an array of matching characters.FIGURE 3-5: The Shift Or algorithm creates a two-dimensional array.FIGURE 3-6: A finite state machine consists of nodes and arrows.

      22 Book 4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: Reconstructing the original data from the BWT transformation.FIGURE 4-2: Uncompressing data requires using a dictionary to replace codes wit...FIGURE 4-3: The LZ77 algorithm replaces redundant data with pointers.FIGURE 4-4: The LZW algorithm stores increasingly larger strings as numbers.FIGURE 4-5: Comparison of compressed graphic images.

      23 Book 4 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: How a stream cipher works.FIGURE 5-2: The electronic codebook encrypts blocks of data separately with the...FIGURE 5-3: Cipher-block chaining uses the output from one block as the input f...FIGURE 5-4: A single password can encrypt and decrypt a message.FIGURE 5-5: Public keys encrypt data, and private keys decrypt data.FIGURE 5-6: Public-key and private-key encryption can work together.

      24 Book 5 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: HTML can create six different headings.FIGURE 1-2: You can specify text to appear center- or right-aligned.FIGURE 1-3: The <th> and </th> tags define the headings for the...FIGURE 1-4: The <tr> and <td> tags define new rows and data for...FIGURE 1-5: The <caption> and </caption> tags define text to ap...FIGURE 1-6: The colspan attribute lets text expand across multiple columns.

      25 Book 6 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: A storyboard lets you visually design a user interface.FIGURE 5-2: The parts of a SwiftUI program.FIGURE 5-3: Modifiers affect a View displayed in the Canvas pane.FIGURE 5-4: State variables let changed data appear in multiple locations autom...FIGURE 5-5: Swift allows Unicode characters to be used in variable names.

      26 Book 6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: Adding properties can change the appearance of the Text widget.FIGURE 6-2: The Expanded widget inside the Row widget can space items apart.FIGURE 6-3: The Column widget arranges widgets vertically.

      27 Book 7 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: A free-form database can store randomly structured information.FIGURE 1-2: A flat-file database stores data in fields and records.FIGURE 1-3: A relational database is divided into tables.FIGURE 1-4: Flat-file databases must store duplicate data in separate files.FIGURE 1-5: Tables separate data into pieces.FIGURE 1-6: Relational databases let you combine data from different tables.FIGURE 1-7: The Select command retrieves a single record or tuple.FIGURE 1-8: The Project command retrieves selected columns or attributes.FIGURE 1-9: The Join command matches two or more tables together.FIGURE 1-10: The three parts of a database program.

      28 Book 7 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: A bioinformatics program can help you search through large amounts ...

      29 Book 7 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Firewalls can block ports or certain programs from accessing a netw...

      30 Book 7 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: A neural network.FIGURE 4-2: How a neuron processes and outputs a value.

      31 Book 7 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: Constraints define the placement of UI items on a screen.FIGURE 5-2: Virtual keyboards can adapt to the user’s needs.

      32 Book 7 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: Visual scripting lets you create a program by connecting nodes in a...

      33 Book 7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7-1: A virtual machine lets a program run on multiple operating systems.

      Guide

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright

      4 Table of Contents

      5  Begin Reading

      6  Index

      7  About the Author

      Pages

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