curves in high-resolution mobile TFTLCDs. The high-aperture-ratio FFS (HFFS) mode shows the highest transmittance among all LC modes, and even much better than the advanced FFS (AFFS) mode, as also shown in the microscopic images of pixels. This figure was reproduced from Lim et al. (2006), IDW’06, pp. 807–808, fig. 2 and table 1 with permission by The Society for Information Display and website of HYDIS Co.Figure 24.13 Zigzag pixel TFT arrangement in IPS-Pro II. This figure was reproduced from Ono et al. (2007), IDW’07, pp. 67–70, fig. 1 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.14 History of IPS technology and comparison of cross-sectional pixel structures between IPS-Pro (a) and IPS-Pro Next (b). This figure was reproduced from Ono et al. (2012), IDW’12 in conjunction with Asia Display, pp. 933–936, table 1 and fig. 1 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.15 Front-view photographs of pixels in 47-inch LCDs in IPS-Pro and IPS-Pro-Next. This figure was reproduced from Ono et al. (2012), IDW’12 in conjunction with Asia Display, pp. 933–936, table 3 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.16 Microphotographs of pixels in iPad and mobile phones utilizing the FFS modeFigure 24.17 Timing chart for a refresh rate of 90 Hz LCD with 1700 scan lines (a) and 120 Hz LCD with 2432 scan lines (b). Here, the horizontal axis shows time, the vertical axis shows the panel position. This figure was reproduced from T. Matsushima et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 667–670, fig. 6 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.18 Comparison of pixel structure between conventional FFS (a) and ip-SFR (b) modes and its corresponding LC molecular orientation and transmittance in a voltage-on state. The second row indicates transmittance in the cross-sectional line I–I′ . Both modes have the same electrode layers but different shape of common electrode. This figure was reproduced from Katayama et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 671–673, fig. 4 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.19 (a, b)Cross-section of the SL-IPS panel showing initial condition with electrodes and LC directors (a) and LC directors in a voltage-on state with equipotential line contours (b). Here, LC directors located in vertical lines do not switch and the distance l between these two lines exists, orthogonal to cell gap d. (c,d) Top view of desired (c) and undesired (d) status of LC director distribution with applied voltage and its corresponding luminance photomicrographs of desired (e) and undesired (f) status with applied voltage. The alternate bright and dark stripes of luminance in the desired state change to irregular in the undesired state (circle). (g) Electrode structure of SL-IPS to control the rotating direction of LC directors with trunk and branch parts. (h) Details of equipotential lines and vector orientation lines with electrode structure. The black bars indicate LC directors. (i) In-plane luminance distribution in SLC-IPS test cell. This figure was reproduced from Matsushima et al. (2018), J. Soc. Inf. Disp., 26(10), pp. 602–609, fig. 4-8 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.20 Schematic cross-sectional view of the UFS device with LC directors and electric field lines in dark (a) and bright (b) state. Here, the LC medium exists under two crossed polarizers. Two electrode layers on the bottom substrate exist with a passivation layer between them as in the FFS mode and a common electrode exists on the top substrate. The common electrode has open gap g and the size of a pixel electrode can be adjustable depending on display resolutions. The arrows indicate the electric field direction between pixel and common electrodes. In the voltage-on state, LC directors experience bend deformation as indicated in Figure 24.1(b). This figure was reproduced from Yoon et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 34142–34149, fig. 1 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.21 Calculated electrode position-dependent transmittances at three different voltages when g is 1 μm (a), 2 μm (b) and 3 μm (c) in the UFS cell. (d) Calculated voltage-dependent transmittances at three different g-values and (e) time-dependent transmittance curves in the FFS and UFS devices. In the FFS device, the electrode width and gap between patterned electrodes are 3 and 4.5 μm, respectively. The thickness of the passivation layer is 300 nm. The physical properties of LCs tested are as follows: dielectric anisotropy Δε = 8.2, birefringence Δn = 0.1148 at 550 nm, rotational viscosity γ = 80 mPa s, splay/twist/bend elastic constants = 16.9/8.42/19.2 in pN and the d is 4 m. The A and P in (d) represent the analyser and polarizer, respectively. This figure was reproduced from Yoon et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 34142–34149, fig. 2 with permission by The Society for Information Display.Figure 24.22 Evaluation of optical crosstalk considering 3 × 3 pixels using a three-dimensional simulator: (a) top-view of luminance profile when three pixels in the second row are on-state; (b) luminance profile along horizontal direction in which it is defined well within 4 μm. This figure was reproduced from Yoon et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 34142–34149, fig. 5 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.23 Schematic diagram of a pixel structure in viewing-angle-controllable FFS LCD. This figure was reproduced from Wang, L. et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 1765–1768, fig. 1 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.24 Photographic images of 13.3-inch viewing angle controllable FFSLCD in WVA(a) and NVA (b) modes. This figure was reproduced from Wang, L. et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 1765–1768, fig. 3 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.25 Viewing angle dependence of contrast ratio in both wide (WVA) and narrow viewing angle (NVA) modes. This figure was reproduced from Wang, L. et al. (2018), SID 49, pp. 1765–1768, fig. 6 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.26 Configuration of FFS-based privacy LCD: (a) conventional; (b) new. This figure was reproduced from Murata et al. (2020), SID 51, pp. 874–877, fig. 1 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.27 Schematic LC orientation associated with generated electric field in a white state in wide and narrow view modes: (a) conventional; (b) new. This figure was reproduced from Murata et al. (2020), SID 51, pp. 874–877, fig. 2 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 24.28 Appearance of the 5.3-inch prototype of new switchable LCD in wide-view mode, normal privacy mode and stronger privacy mode. This figure was reproduced from Murata et al. (2020), SID 51, pp. 874–877, fig. 6 with permission by The Society for Information Display
24 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Development steps of automotive instrumentation over the years (passenger cars)Figure 25.2 Eddy-current speedometer (photo: Peter M. Knoll).Figure 25.3 Cross-coil moving-magnet pointer driveFigure 25.4 Stepper motor (Lavet principle)Figure 25.5 Exploded view of an instrument cluster with stepper motors (photo: Peter M. Knoll)Figure 25.6 Digital instrument of the Audi Quattro 1994 in VFD technologyFigure 25.7 Digital instrument of the Audi Quattro 1988 using LCD technology, all segments on (photo: Peter M. Knoll)Figure 25.8 Monochrome graphic LCD module with red LED illumination integrated into a mechanical instrument cluster of an early Mercedes B-class (photo: Peter M. Knoll)Figure 25.9 Instrument cluster with large graphic LCD (8-inch diagonal), normal modeFigure 25.10 Instrument cluster with large graphic LCD (8-inch diagonal) in the night vision modeFigure 25.11 Principle of a three-dimensional instrument cluster (photo: Bosch)Figure 25.12 Information terminal in the centre console from the mid-1980s (photo: Peter M. Knoll)Figure 25.13 The cockpit of the Mercedes S-class 2021. Source: Daimler Global Media Site (2021)Figure 25.14 Dashboard of the Mercedes S-class 2013. Source: Daimler Global Media Site (2021)Figure 25.15 Operating element for all driver information functions in the Mercedes S-class 2013. Source: Daimler Global Media Site (2021)Figure 25.16 Panorama cockpit (Honda, 2020)Figure 25.17 View into the F015 self-driving research vehicle from Daimler (shown at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas 2015)Figure 25.18 The first head-up displayFigure 25.19 Principle of a head-up displayFigure 25.20 Head-up display in a vehicle. Source: BMWFigure 25.21 Augmented reality head-up display (ARHUD) information content. Source: BMW
