Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ may be called “the food of the ancients,” with literature recording the cultivation of beans, lupins and lentils in the Nile Valley dating as early as 2000 BCE. Common beans originated in Latin America (high Andeas, Guatemala and Mexico) where its wild progenitor (P. vulgaris var. mexicanus and var. aborigenous) has a wide distribution ranging from northern Mexico to northwestern Argentina (Gepts 2001; Grigolo and Fioreze 2018). Phaseolus beans are recognized as an exclusive New World Crop of American origin despite their wide distribution worldwide. Secondary centers of diversification are East Africa and Europe, since the Phaseolus beans were introduced by Spaniards and Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Angioi et al. 2010; Schumacher and Boland 2017). Beans have played a part in the superstitions, the politics, and the warfare of ancient peoples. Magistrates were elected in Greece and Rome by the casting of beans into helmets. Certain kinds have been credited with medicinal value (Hardenburg 1927).

      Originally domesticated in Central and South America, dry beans moved northward through Mexico and spread across most of the United States. These beans were commonly grown with corn and sometimes squash (Schumacher and Boland 2017). The early Europeans, first in the New England States of the US, then generations later in the upper Midwest (Great Lakes region), found that the white pea bean and many other dry beans provided a fine staple for a subsistence diet. The settlers explored and adapted to growing dry beans that the native Indians apparently had never exploited. They traded their excess production to non‐bean‐growing neighbors for goods, services, or cash.

      The Iroquois Indians grew a small, round pea bean (Indian bean) with corn and squash (“three sisters” cropping system); this bean later became known as the “navy bean” because of the large demand that developed for this bean for naval and marine food supply purposes.

PRODUCTION AND TRADE

Dry beans and pulses are grown widely in different regions of the world. Table 1.1 shows regional production of dry beans, cowpeas, and other pulses in 2019. The total world production of these grain legumes was over 68 million metric tons, with Asia alone contributing 50.67%, followed by Africa (27.80%, and Americas − North, Central, and South (15.62%). The major regionally produced legumes were lentils, chickpeas, mung beans, pigeon peas, and other local pulses (Asia), cowpeas and vetches (Africa), dry beans, lentils, and chickpeas (Americas), lentils, lupins, vetches, and other pulses (EU region), and lupins and vetches (Oceania).

      The significance of dry beans and pulses is made clear by the worldwide distribution of their production and consumption, as summarized below:

       East Asia: China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea Rep., Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam

       South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

       West Asia/Middle East: Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Yemen

       North America: USA, Mexico, Canada

       Central America and Caribbean: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama

       South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

       Europe: Albania, Austria, Benelux, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Russian Federation

       East Africa: Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire

       West Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia

       South Africa: Angola, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Republic of South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe

Table 1.1. Regional production of dry beans and other pulses in 2019 (metric tons).

      Source: FAO (2020).

Pulse crop	Asia	Africa	Americas	Europe	Oceania
Beans	14,369,312	7,052,612	7,039,866	367,412	73,470
Cowpeas	197,970	8,616,443	65,039	23,877	nr1
Chickpeas	11,879,525	693,369	876,132	516,069	281,200
Lentils	2,438,955	188,545	2,446,103	124,756	535,842
Vetches	94,569	324,719	97,230	239,487	6,790
Pigeon peas	3,680,651	666,875	78,443	nr	nr
Lupins	91	75,381	63,595	393,146	474,629
Other pulses	2,063,857	1,432,126	41,065	1,003,043	12,938
Total	34,724,930	19,050,070	10,707,473	2,667,790	1,384,869

¹ Not reported

Global production and trade

The world production of dry beans was 28.9 million metric tons (MT) in 2019, which represented an increase of 64.74% as compared to 17.5 million MT in 1990 (Figure 1.3). From 2010 to 2019, dry bean production СКАЧАТЬ