Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Reptile and Amphibian. Javier G. Nevarez
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Название: Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Reptile and Amphibian

Автор: Javier G. Nevarez

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: Биология

Серия:

isbn: 9781119233862

isbn:

СКАЧАТЬ for 21 days.

       Trimethoprim-sulfa 30 mg/kg daily for 5 days, then q48h until the coccidia are eliminated.

       Prophylactic therapy or treatment based on the identification of Eimeria spp. alone should not be performed, to avoid development of resistance. Treatment should only be performed after an Isospora sp. has been confirmed to be causing clinical disease.

      PRECAUTIONS/INTERACTIONS

      Sulfa drugs are known to be nephrotoxic.

FOLLOW-UP

      PATIENT MONITORING

      Repeat fecal examination at monthly intervals.

      EXPECTED COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

       Treatment may have variable efficacy as many protozoa are resistant to a range of anti-coccidial medication.

       Prognosis is good to guarded and is determined primarily by the state of the animal at initial presentation and the presence or absence of concurrent disease.

MISCELLANEOUS

      COMMENTS

      N/A

      ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL

      N/A

      SYNONYMS

      N/A

      ABBREVIATIONS

       K2Cr2O7 = potassium dichromate

       PCR = polymerase chain reaction

       PO = per os

      1 Gibbons PM. Advances in reptile clinical therapeutics. J Exot Pet Med 2014;23(1):21–38.

      2 Jacobson ER. Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Reptiles. In: Jacobson ER, ed. Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles: Color Atlas and Text. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007:571–665.

      3 Kim DY, Mitchell MA, Bauer RW, et al. An outbreak of adenoviral infection in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) coinfected with Dependovirus and coccidial protozoa (Isospora sp.). J Vet Diagn Invest 2002;14:332–334.

      4 Scullion FT, Scullion MG. Gastrointestinal protozoal diseases in reptiles. J Exot Pet Med 2009;18(4):266–278.

      5 Walden M, Mitchell MA. Evaluation of three treatment modalities against Isospora amphiboluri in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). J Exot Pet Med 2012;21(3):213–218.

      6 Wolf D, Vrhovec MG, Failing K, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in reptiles: comparison of two coprological methods. Acta Vet Scand 2014;56:1–13.

      Author T. Franciscus Scheelings, BVSc, MVSc, PhD, MANCVSc (Wildlife Health), DECZM (Herpetology)

      

BASICS

      DEFINITION/OVERVIEW

      Leukemia is a neoplasia of the white blood cells, which starts in the bone marrow.

      ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

       No confirmed etiology has been proved for any of the leukemia cases described in chelonians, including viral etiology.

       Leukemias are classified as myeloid or lymphoid, depending upon the neoplastic blood cell.

       It is generally accepted, based on previously reported cytochemical staining characteristics, that reptilian granulocytes, monocytes, and azurophils are from the myeloid cell lineage, whereas reptilian lymphocytes are from the lymphoid cell lineage.

       Leukemias are commonly graded as acute or chronic depending on the number of blast cells in peripheral circulation.

       Blast cells predominate in acute leukemia, whereas mature forms predominate in chronic onset leukemia, with less than 30% of the peripheral leukocytes being blast cells.

       Acute leukemias are rapidly fatal in untreated patients.

      SIGNALMENT/HISTORY

      Leukemia in chelonians has been reported in both adult and immature turtles.

      CLINICAL PRESENTATION

       Anorexia and lethargy are frequently reported.

       Weight loss is common in chronic leukemia.

      RISK FACTORS

       Husbandry

      N/A

       Others

      N/A

DIAGNOSIS

      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

       Multiple myeloma or plasma cell myeloma.

       Monoclonal gammopathy

      DIAGNOSTICS

       Hemogram: a marked leukocytosis characterized by lymphocytosis/monocytosis (depending upon the type of leukemia) can be observed.

       Cytological evaluation of blood smears and/or bone marrow biopsy (because of the extensive bony trabecular network, conventional bone marrow aspirates in chelonians have low cell yield; bone marrow

       may be collected from the gular projection of the plastron or the bridge of the plastron and carapace) (Silverstone et al, 2007).

       Necropsy and subsequent histopathology

       Cytochemical and immunocytochemical stains to confirm cell lineage.

       Cytochemical СКАЧАТЬ