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СКАЧАТЬ and fire from dry biomass burning. Besides providing heat, light and fuel for cooking, fire became the main defence and cold protection device. Subsequently, people started to spend their resources on land production, and energy use became more complex so that long farming cycles dominated short hunting and gathering times. Hence, a significant advance towards civilization and urban formation was the age of energy that started with fire and firewood and extended into food energy production developments. Both fire and wood were renewable biomass sources during this time.

Moreover, at the beginning of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the invention of steam engines by James Watt allowed the industrial revolution to flourish by using non‐renewable energy resources, especially ‘fossil fuels’, which included natural gas, oil and coal. Fossil fuels have been the key drivers of twenty‐first‐century economic growth from an energy perspective. However, the heavy use of fossil fuels has created some severe environmental issues since the start of the industrial revolution, including global warming, photochemical smog and catastrophic air pollution, many of which are widely documented in the scientific literature.

      It is a founded reality that if the greenhouse gas emissions rise is not reversed, events leading to catastrophic changes in the global environment will result in a cascade with a consequential effect on human society and economy. Study efforts to seek alternative and sustainable energy fuels were triggered by a steady increase in energy usage and environmental pollution. Materials and techniques for the efficient use of alternative fuel resources are already being developed by many nations worldwide. These alternative fuels, also known as advanced or non‐traditional fuels, are compounds that can be used as fuels rather than conventional fuels. The word traditional fuel and nuclear materials such as uranium apply to petroleum (oil), coal, propane and natural gas. Biodiesel, bio alcohol (ethanol, methanol), hydrogen, chemically stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), non‐fossil natural gas, non‐fossil methane and vegetable oils are common alternatives and well known. According to recent research, livestock, forestry and other land activities account for 23% of global human‐origin greenhouse gas emissions. Such emissions are caused by land‐use changes, such as deforestation, allowing space for crops, houses, and factories. Another 44% of the potent greenhouse gas methane comes from human‐driven agriculture, peatland degradation and other land‐based sources (IPCC 2019).

      Climate policy security writers have stressed that adequate discursive action has not been taken to counter climate change. There appears to be a broad gap between public policy discourses and their final discourses on climate change and energy security. While less attention has been paid to the relationship between the two major policy areas of climate change and energy protection itself, much attention has been paid to this in recent past. For two reasons, this is a big research field. Since energy accounts for about 60% of global emissions (Baumert et al. 2005), managing energy emissions would be critical for climate reduction goals.

      Moreover, in many countries, energy is viewed as a priority policy area, as it is an essential channel for economic development, progress and prosperity. Furthermore, it is relevant not only from a domestic viewpoint, but energy management also functions as a strategic foreign policy (Giddens 2011). Although climate change is bound to affect the energy market, the implications of policies designed to control climate change are expected to be immediate and potentially broader. Climate change issues pervade modern energy policy and resource renewability and energy protection problems that eventually contribute to economic growth. Increasingly strict environmental legislation must be placed on electricity providers to make major investments in lowering pollution, using renewable energy supplies, transmission infrastructure, replacing outdated technology and upgrading the grid.

1.2 Energy Crisis

      The energy crisis refers to the world’s rising need for energy to feed the growing population. With neither improving or reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, over‐dependence on efficiency and carbon trading has been demonstrated as a phenomenal mistake.

According to the energy industry calculations, several thousand billion tonnes of coal are currently underground and could well be adequate for a 150‐year demand at current extraction rates. Therefore, it becomes apparent that the bulk of coal reserves should stay on the ground if humans hope to avoid any climate catastrophe. In the United States, Russia, China, Australia and India, three‐quarters of the world’s coal reserves are concentrated in five countries. Therefore, human life and society’s fate depends in no small degree on the coal‐related decisions of these five major nations. Therefore, being the historical environmental polluters, the nations that are big emitters of greenhouse gases must compensate for harming developing countries by paying and promising not to burn coal and oil on the ground and keep their forests undisturbed and planting trees. To this end, a new Fund (Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, FCPF) was introduced by the World Bank in 2007, which could help achieve this goal. Providing significant rights to historical polluters implies partnership in ordinary individuals’ ongoing theft and promoting scarcity rentals to private organizations rather than harnessing them to raise public revenue. Carbon emitters should be required to pay higher prices in relation to their emissions, and trading should be permitted to open up a source of funding for the poor to be transferred. The formulation of a global carbon tax will be a feasible solution to this issue. A sustainability strategy that contributes to productivity needs to be formulated in order to achieve the wider objectives of energy protection and climate reform.

      Developing such a strategy will lead to decreased carbon usage, deter the expansion of less carbon‐intensive technology and restructure revenue gradually. In all subsequent stages of the supply chain, higher input prices on carbon content, and fossil fuels will encourage higher efficiency, reducing depletion and eventually reducing pollution (Veritas 2004).

      The need to obtain fossil fuels from politically turbulent or aggressive countries that have long been a cause of concern in the United States, or over‐dependence on a few selected suppliers, has been a cause of concern for the European Union in Russia. There are growing demands for energy ‘dependence’ on others and promoting renewables, which can achieve the desired goals and help combat climate change, as such conditions can be used for strategic gains (Friedman 2005). An urgent transition from traditional to renewable energy is required. It has been estimated that the United States could supply enough power to the entire United States by generating wind energy in the Dakotas and with the aid of 254 × 254 km of the Sahara desert, the world’s electricity demand could be met efficiently. Thus, desert‐rich nations should be financially encouraged to produce and export solar energy to the world. Likewise, several nations might become a tidal force, offshore wind, wave and current (Helweg‐Larsen and Bull 2007).

1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development

Renewable energy production has undeniably proved to be an effective and realistic approach to achieving sustainable development. Not only has renewable energy emerged as a sustainable alternative to the clean energy system with recent and rapid energy technology advances, but it is also a way to meet other socio‐economic needs, including improvising energy stability (Wei et al. 2012), mitigating climate change (Wang et al. 2014b) and minimizing environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels (REN21 2017). A total of 176 countries made efforts to realign the world’s renewable energy targets in 2016. According to available figures, renewable power accounted for around 30% of the installed capacity and 24.5% of the international level. According to projections, renewable energy accounts for 20% of the world’s energy supply (Rees 1999). In the future global energy scenario, given renewable energy’s huge technological and economic potential, it is realistic to expect a golden opportunity for renewable energy. There are real worries regarding the global energy crisis, as only small amounts of oil and gas are available and can be recovered. Natural forces generated millions of years ago non‐renewable coal, oil and natural gas reserves, and no new supplies are being developed now. So the globe will eventually also run out of those provisions, but it is still unclear when it will happen in the future. For hopeful, who believe the energy peak still exists, the challenge СКАЧАТЬ